Locally advanced rectal cancer: The past, present, and future

Area of Science:

• Oncology
• Gastroenterology
• Surgical Oncology

Background:

• Locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) treatment has evolved significantly.
• Established paradigms include preoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy combinations.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review established and novel therapeutic strategies for LARC.
• To provide an overview of current and emerging treatment options.

Main Methods:

• Review of clinical trials and ongoing investigations.
• Analysis of established treatment paradigms and novel approaches.

Main Results:

• Current standard treatments for LARC include preoperative long-course radiotherapy with chemotherapy, short-course radiotherapy followed by chemotherapy, and total neoadjuvant therapy.
• Investigational strategies include neoadjuvant chemotherapy alone, total neoadjuvant therapy, and watchful waiting after clinical complete response.

Conclusions:

• Multiple therapeutic strategies exist for LARC, with ongoing research into novel agents and approaches.
• Treatment decisions for LARC should consider established protocols and emerging investigational options.