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Related Concept Videos

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder01:28

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a mental health condition characterized by recurrent obsessions, compulsions, or both, which consume significant time and interfere with daily functioning. Obsessions involve persistent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts, images, or urges that evoke anxiety. Common examples include irrational fears of contamination or harm. Compulsions are repetitive behaviors or mental acts performed to reduce the anxiety caused by obsessions. For instance, individuals...
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Operant conditioning serves as a foundational principle in therapeutic interventions aimed at modifying maladaptive behaviors. Central to this approach is the notion that behaviors, both adaptive and maladaptive, are learned through reinforcement. By analyzing the environmental factors that reinforce problematic behaviors, clinicians can design interventions to weaken these reinforcements and replace maladaptive behaviors with healthier alternatives.
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Antipsychotic drugs are a crucial treatment method for acute and chronic psychoses, bipolar illness, and behavioral disorders. The selection of these drugs depends on several factors, including the state of the disease, clinical judgment, possible drug interactions, and the patient's sensitivity to adverse effects. In immediate scenarios, such as delirium and dementia, short-term treatment with low doses of high-potency typical or atypical agents can effectively manage symptom exacerbation.
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Oppositional Defiant Disorder01:30

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A persistent pattern of angry or irritable mood, defiant behavior, or vindictiveness characterizes Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Symptoms must occur over at least six months, involve interactions with individuals beyond siblings, and meet specific diagnostic criteria to be clinically significant. The disorder affects emotional regulation, social interactions, and behavior, often manifesting early in life and influencing long-term development and functioning.
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Personality Disorders: Dependent and Obsessive-Compulsive01:24

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Dependent personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder are two separate psychological conditions that influence behavior, relationships, and overall life functioning. Though both involve maladaptive behaviors, their core characteristics and motivations differ significantly.
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Treatment approaches for psychological disorders fall into three main categories: psychological, biological, and sociocultural. Each approach targets different aspects of mental health, requiring varying levels of education and training.
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Protocol for Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation with Symptom Provocation to Treat Obsessive-compulsive Disorder
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Management of the Failed OCD.

Crystal A Perkins1, S Clifton Willimon2

  • 1Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA.

Current Reviews in Musculoskeletal Medicine
|March 10, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Failed osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) in the knee requires careful planning and advanced imaging. Treatment options like osteochondral allografts and autologous chondrocyte implantation offer good outcomes, especially when addressing lower extremity malalignment.

Keywords:
Autologous chondrocyte implantationCartilageOsteochondral allograftOsteochondritis dissecans

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Pediatric Orthopedics
  • Sports Medicine

Background:

  • Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) commonly affects the medial femoral condyle in pediatric and adolescent populations.
  • Salvage techniques are crucial for failed nonoperative or operative OCD treatments, or unsalvageable cases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the evaluation and management strategies for failed osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the knee.

Main Methods:

  • Detailed preoperative assessment using radiographs, MRI, and CT scans.
  • Evaluation of lower extremity alignment with long-leg radiographs.
  • Surgical planning for malalignment correction (hemiepiphysiodesis or osteotomy) based on skeletal maturity.

Main Results:

  • Advanced imaging is essential for assessing subchondral bone and cartilage defects.
  • Correction of lower extremity malalignment is critical to reduce joint forces.
  • Osteochondral allografts and autologous chondrocyte implantation demonstrate favorable short-to-moderate term outcomes compared to microfracture for large defects.

Conclusions:

  • Failed OCD of the knee can lead to significant bone and cartilage defects in adolescents.
  • Effective treatment involves addressing both the defect (allografts, ACI) and any associated malalignment.
  • Durable, long-term solutions are necessary for managing these complex knee conditions.