Exosome and Biomimetic Nanoparticle Therapies for Cardiac Regenerative Medicine

Exosomes and biomimetic nanoparticles have great potential to develop into a wide-scale therapeutic platform within the regenerative medicine industry. Exosomes, a subgroup of EVs with diameter ranging from 30-100 nm, have recently gained attention as an innovative approach for the treatment of various diseases, including heart disease. Their beneficial factors and regenerative properties can be contrasted with various cell types. Various biomimetic nanoparticles have also emerged as a unique platform in regenerative medicine. Biomimetic nanoparticles are a drug delivery platform, which have the ability to contain both biological and fabricated components to improve therapeutic efficiency and targeting. The novelty of these platforms holds promise for future clinical translation upon further investigation. In order for both exosome therapeutics and biomimetic nanoparticles to translate into large-scale clinical treatment, numerous factors must first be considered and improved. Standardization of different protocols, from exosome isolation to storage conditions, must be optimized to ensure batches are pure. Standardization is also important to ensure no variability in this process across studies, thus making it easier to interpret data across different disease models and treatments. Expansion of clinical trials incorporating both biomimetic nanoparticles and exosomes will require a standardization of fabrication and isolation techniques, as well as stricter regulations to ensure reproducibility across various studies and disease models. This review will summarize current research on exosome therapeutics and the application of biomimetic nanoparticles in cardiac regenerative medicine, as well as applications for exosome expansion and delivery on a large clinical scale.