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Related Concept Videos

Apoptosis01:30

Apoptosis

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Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Caspases01:24

Caspases

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Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside...
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The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the...
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Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized...
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Updated: Dec 26, 2025

Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis
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Strategies for Tracking Anastasis, A Cell Survival Phenomenon that Reverses Apoptosis

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The essentials of developmental apoptosis.

Anne K Voss1,2, Andreas Strasser1,2

  • 1Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.

F1000Research
|March 10, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Programmed cell death, or apoptosis, is crucial for balancing cell proliferation during mammalian development. This process ensures proper tissue growth, midline fusion, and cavity formation, with specific roles in remodeling.

Keywords:
A1APAF-1BADBAKBAXBCL-2BCL-WBCL-XLBIDBIKBIMBMFBOKEmbryoHRKMCL-1NOXAPUMAapoptosiscaspasesdevelopmentfetusprogrammed cell death

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Apoptotic cells are prevalent during mammalian embryonic and fetal development.
  • Early inferences on the necessity of apoptosis for tissue development were not always functionally validated.
  • The understanding of apoptosis's role has evolved with advanced functional assessments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the changing appraisal of developmental apoptosis's importance over time.
  • To highlight functional assessments, particularly using gene-targeted mice.
  • To present a hypothesis on the essential role of apoptosis in balancing cell proliferation for tissue growth.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and functional studies.
  • Analysis of data from gene-targeted mouse models lacking key apoptosis mediators.
  • Comparative assessment of apoptosis's necessity across different developmental processes.

Main Results:

  • Apoptosis is predominantly required to balance cell proliferation, with the combined processes regulating tissue growth more effectively.
  • This balance ensures correct tissue size for midline fusion and cavity formation.
  • Specific tissues, including the aortic arch, neuronal populations, vaginal septa, and developing digits, rely on apoptosis for remodeling.

Conclusions:

  • Developmental apoptosis is essential for regulating tissue size and growth by balancing cell proliferation.
  • Apoptosis plays a critical role in specific tissue remodeling events, rather than being universally required for all tissue development.
  • The coordinated action of proliferation and apoptosis is key to achieving proper embryonic and fetal development.