Boosting Sodium Storage in Two-Dimensional Phosphorene/Ti₃C₂T MXene Nanoarchitectures with Stable Fluorinated...

The stacking of complementary two-dimensional (2D) materials into hybrid architectures is desirable for batteries with enhanced capacity, fast charging, and long lifetime. However, the 2D heterostructures for energy storage are still underdeveloped, and some associated problems like low Coulombic efficiencies need to be tackled. Herein, we reported a phosphorene/MXene hybrid anode with an in situ formed fluorinated interphase for stable and fast sodium storage. The combination of phosphorene nanosheets with Ti₃C₂T MXene not only facilitates the migration of both electrons and sodium cations but also alleviates structural expansion of phosphorene and thereby improves the cycling performance of the hybrid anode. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy in-depth analysis reveals that the fluorine terminated MXene stabilize the solid electrolyte interphase by forming fluorine-rich compounds on the anode surface. Density functional theory calculations confirm that the sodium affinities and diffusion kinetics are significantly enhanced in the phosphorene/MXene heterostructure, particularly in the phosphorene/Ti₃C₂F₂. As a result, the hybrid electrode achieved a high reversible capacity of 535 mAh g^-1 at 0.1 A g^-1 and superior cycling performance (343 mAh g^-1 after 1000 cycles at 1 A g^-1 with a capacity retention of 87%) in a fluorine-free carbonate electrolyte.