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Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male...

Meiosis I

Meiosis I

Meiosis is the division of a diploid cell into haploid cells forming sperm and eggs in animals through differentiation. Meiosis I is the first stage of meiosis, where the genetic recombination of homologous chromosomes and the reduction of the ploidy level by half occurs.
Prophase I is the most extended and complex step of meiosis I characterized by synapsis, chromosome pairing, and recombination of the homologous chromosomes. This process is facilitated by a proteinaceous structure called the...

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

Cell division is necessary for growth and reproduction in organisms. Mitosis aids cell growth and development by dividing somatic cells. In contrast, meiosis causes the division of germ cells and plays an essential role in sexual reproduction. Due to their unique functional requirements, mitosis and meiosis differ from each other in multiple aspects.
Before the start of mitosis and meiosis I, the cell synthesizes DNA, resulting in two homologous copies of each chromosome. DNA synthesis is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 26, 2025

Sperm Collection of Differential Quality Using Density Gradient Centrifugation

Sperm Collection of Differential Quality Using Density Gradient Centrifugation

Published on: November 29, 2018

Gamete quality in a multistressor environment.

Alessandra Gallo¹, Raffaele Boni², Elisabetta Tosti¹

¹Department of Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale 1, 80121 Napoli, Italy.

Environment International

|March 11, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Environmental pollution poses a significant threat to biodiversity by impairing gamete quality, affecting fertilization and reproduction. Organisms show some plasticity, but urgent action is needed to study and mitigate these impacts.

Keywords:

Climate change Environmental stress Fertilization Gamete quality Life style Xenobiotic

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Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Reproductive Biology
Toxicology

Background:

Global environmental conditions are rapidly changing due to industrialization, agriculture, and globalization.
Pollution (water, air, soil) creates numerous stress factors impacting organism fitness, reproduction, and survival.
Biodiversity is at risk, with species extinction a growing concern.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the current knowledge on the impact of diverse environmental stressors on gamete quality.
To evaluate how various pollutants affect parameters of gamete fertilization competence in humans and animal models.
To highlight the threat environmental stressors pose to reproductive health and biodiversity.

Main Methods:

Literature review of studies investigating environmental stressors and gamete quality.
Analysis of effects of metals, biocides, herbicides, nanoparticles, plastics, temperature, ocean acidification, and air pollution.
Examination of impacts on physiological parameters underlying gamete fertilization competence.

Main Results:

Environmental stressors significantly hazard gamete quality, leading to reproductive disorders and organism failure.
A broad spectrum of pollutants, including chemicals, physical factors, and lifestyle choices, negatively affect gametes.
Limited evidence suggests organisms possess some capacity to maintain or recover gamete physiological conditions.

Conclusions:

Environmental stressors are a serious threat to gamete quality, impacting reproduction and survival.
Organismal plasticity offers some resilience, but global change pressures are substantial.
Urgent public attention and further research are needed to develop predictive markers and mitigation strategies for gamete quality impairment.