Acetic Acid Assisted Crystallization Strategy for High Efficiency and Long-Term Stable Perovskite Solar Cell

Improving the quality of perovskite poly-crystalline film is essential for the performance of associated solar cells approaching their theoretical limit efficiency. Pinholes, unwanted defects, and nonperovskite phase can be easily generated during film formation, hampering device performance and stability. Here, a simple method is introduced to prepare perovskite film with excellent optoelectronic property by using acetic acid (Ac) as an antisolvent to control perovskite crystallization. Results from a variety of characterizations suggest that the small amount of Ac not only reduces the perovskite film roughness and residual PbI₂ but also generates a passivation effect from the electron-rich carbonyl group (C=O) in Ac. The best devices produce a PCE of 22.0% for Cs_0.05FA_0.80MA_0.15Pb(I_0.85Br_0.15)₃ and 23.0% for Cs_0.05FA_0.90MA_0.05Pb(I_0.95Br_0.05)₃ on 0.159 cm² with negligible hysteresis. This further improves device stability producing a cell that maintained 96% of its initial efficiency after 2400 h storage in ambient environment (with controlled relative humidity (RH) <30%) without any encapsulation.