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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 26, 2025

Spontaneous Murine Model of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
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Bone metastases in thyroid cancer.

Nicole M Iñiguez-Ariza1,2, Keith C Bible3, Bart L Clarke1

  • 1Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.

Journal of Bone Oncology
|March 11, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Thyroid cancer bone metastases significantly worsen prognosis, impacting survival. Early surveillance and treatment with antiresorptive agents are crucial for managing skeletal complications in high-risk patients.

Keywords:
BisphosphonateBone metastasisRANK ligandThyroid cancer

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Endocrinology
  • Metastasis Research

Background:

  • Bone metastases are often overlooked in thyroid cancer surveillance despite their negative prognostic impact.
  • Thyroid cancer patients typically have a good prognosis, but bone metastases drastically reduce survival to a median of 4 years.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on thyroid cancer bone metastases.
  • To discuss clinical implications, pathogenesis, and therapeutic strategies for bone metastases in thyroid cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on thyroid cancer bone metastasis.
  • Analysis of pathogenesis, clinical impact, and treatment options.

Main Results:

  • Bone metastasis pathogenesis involves a "vicious cycle" between cancer and the bone microenvironment.
  • Follicular and medullary thyroid cancers show higher rates of bone metastasis.
  • Multikinase inhibitors (MKIs) may be less effective against bone metastases compared to lung metastases.

Conclusions:

  • Enhanced bone surveillance is needed, particularly for follicular and medullary thyroid cancer.
  • Antiresorptive agents like bisphosphonates and denosumab, administered every 3 months, can mitigate skeletal morbidity.
  • Early consideration of antiresorptive agents is recommended for patients with or at risk for bone metastases.