Lichenochemicals: extraction, purification, characterization, and application as potential anticancer agents

Introduction: To date, over 1,000 lichen secondary metabolites have been identified. Despite their promising cytotoxic properties, the number of literature reports on anticancer evaluation of lichenochemicals is limited. As cancer prevalence among the human population increases, there is growing interest in lichens as a natural source of secondary metabolites for anti-cancer drug discovery and development.Areas covered: The lack of significant progress in lichen anticancer research is due to the low levels of cytotoxic compounds contained in lichens, the technical difficulties associated with their isolation and characterization, and the insufficient understanding of their mechanism of action on different cancer cell lines. In this review, the authors discuss these challenges and provide systematically organized information on the limitations and advantages of commonly used and newly developed methods for lichen exploration and screening of lichen secondary metabolites for their anticancer potential.Expert opinion: Recent research activities have demonstrated that lichen secondary metabolites possess chemotherapeutic properties. A systematic and multidisciplinary approach is required to advance lichen research and improve our understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the potent cytotoxic properties of lichenochemicals. More efforts need to focus on screening and discovery of new lichen-derived compounds with unique anticancer properties.