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Related Concept Videos

Cohesins02:20

Cohesins

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Cohesin protein complexes are a molecular glue that holds two sister chromatids together. They play an important role both in mitosis and meiosis. In mitosis, all cohesin complexes present on the chromosomes are removed before the start of the anaphase stage.
Cohesin complexes in Meiotic Division
Meiosis involves two distinct rounds of chromosomal segregation and cell divisions— Meiosis I followed by Meiosis II – producing four daughter cells. Meiosis I includes the separation of...
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Meiosis vs. Mitosis02:57

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

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Cell division is necessary for growth and reproduction in organisms. Mitosis aids cell growth and development by dividing somatic cells. In contrast, meiosis causes the division of germ cells and plays an essential role in sexual reproduction. Due to their unique functional requirements, mitosis and meiosis differ from each other in multiple aspects.
Before the start of mitosis and meiosis I, the cell synthesizes DNA, resulting in two homologous copies of each chromosome. DNA synthesis is...
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Meiosis I03:09

Meiosis I

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Meiosis is the division of a diploid cell into haploid cells forming sperm and eggs in animals through differentiation. Meiosis I is the first stage of meiosis, where the genetic recombination of homologous chromosomes and the reduction of the ploidy level by half occurs.
Prophase I is the most extended and complex step of meiosis I characterized by synapsis, chromosome pairing, and recombination of the homologous chromosomes. This process is facilitated by a proteinaceous structure called the...
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Meiosis I01:49

Meiosis I

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Meiosis is a carefully orchestrated set of cell divisions, the goal of which—in humans—is to produce haploid sperm or eggs, each containing half the number of chromosomes present in somatic cells elsewhere in the body. Meiosis I is the first such division, and involves several key steps, among them: condensation of replicated chromosomes in diploid cells; the pairing of homologous chromosomes and their exchange of information; and finally, the separation of homologous chromosomes by...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 26, 2025

Preparation of Meiotic Chromosome Spreads from Mouse Oocytes for Assessment of Synapsis and Recombination
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Evolutionary repair: Changes in multiple functional modules allow meiotic cohesin to support mitosis.

Yu-Ying Phoebe Hsieh1, Vasso Makrantoni2, Daniel Robertson2

  • 1Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America.

Plos Biology
|March 11, 2020
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Summary

Cells adapt to new protein functions by evolving partner proteins. Yeast evolved to use a meiosis protein in mitosis improved fitness by altering cohesin and cell cycle genes.

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Cell biology
  • Molecular genetics

Background:

  • Protein functions can change during evolution.
  • Cellular adaptation mechanisms to altered protein roles are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how yeast cells adapt when a meiosis-specific protein (Rec8) is forced into the mitotic cell cycle.
  • To identify genetic and phenotypic changes enabling adaptation to this perturbation.

Main Methods:

  • Forced expression of meiosis-specific Rec8 during mitosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  • Evolutionary experiment over 1,750 generations with 15 parallel yeast populations.
  • Genotypic and phenotypic analysis of evolved populations.

Main Results:

  • Forced Rec8 expression initially impaired chromosome linkage, advanced DNA replication, and reduced fitness by 45%.
  • Evolved populations significantly increased fitness.
  • Adaptation primarily involved mutations in transcriptional mediator complex, cohesin-related genes, and cell cycle regulators, not Rec8 itself.

Conclusions:

  • Cells can adapt to using existing proteins in new biological functions by altering interacting partners.
  • Changes in known and novel protein partners facilitate functional redeployment of proteins during evolution.