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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...

T Cell Types and Functions

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...

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Updated: Dec 26, 2025

Examining the Role of Nasopharyngeal-associated Lymphoreticular Tissue NALT in Mouse Responses to Vaccines

Examining the Role of Nasopharyngeal-associated Lymphoreticular Tissue NALT in Mouse Responses to Vaccines

Published on: August 1, 2012

ncRNAs in Type-2 Immunity.

Riccardo Guidi¹, Christopher J Wedeles¹, Mark S Wilson¹

¹Genentech Inc, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.

|March 12, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Non-coding RNAs regulate immune responses. This review explores their role in type-2 immunity, offering potential new therapeutic targets for allergic diseases like asthma.

Keywords:

IL-13 IL-4 LncRNA TH2 allergy helminth miRNA

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Adoptive Immunotherapy of iNKT Cells in Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase G6PI-Induced RA Mice

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Published on: January 31, 2020

Area of Science:

Immunology
Molecular Biology
Genetics

Background:

Immunological diseases are increasing, with many lacking effective treatments.
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are crucial regulators of immune cell function.
Type-2 immune responses are implicated in allergic diseases such as asthma.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the role of ncRNAs in type-2 immune responses.
To identify therapeutic targets for type-2 immune-mediated diseases.
To bridge current understanding with novel treatment opportunities.

Main Methods:

Literature review focusing on ncRNAs (miRNAs, lncRNAs) in type-2 immunity.
Analysis of pre-clinical and clinical studies.
Synthesis of findings to identify research gaps and therapeutic potential.

Main Results:

Various ncRNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), are involved in type-2 immune responses.
These ncRNAs play critical roles in immune cell development, differentiation, and function.
Evidence links ncRNAs to the pathogenesis of allergic diseases in both pre-clinical and clinical settings.

Conclusions:

ncRNAs represent a promising new class of therapeutic targets for type-2 immune-mediated diseases.
Further research into ncRNA mechanisms can unlock novel treatment strategies.
Harnessing knowledge of ncRNAs can lead to innovative therapies for conditions like asthma.