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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

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T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
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Receptor Downregulation in MVBs01:15

Receptor Downregulation in MVBs

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Multivesicular bodies (MVBs) are mature endosomes that sort ubiquitinated proteins and then fuse with lysosomes to degrade the sorted proteins. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor (EGFR) form a complex that can be internalized through endocytosis, sorted into an MVB, and later degraded.
The EGFR can initiate signaling pathways that  lead to cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Overexpression of EGFR  stimulates cells to proliferate. Excessive  EGFR...
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Tumor Transplantation for Assessing the Dynamics of Tumor-Infiltrating CD8+ T Cells in Mice
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Re-defining T-Cell Exhaustion: Subset, Function, and Regulation.

Se Jin Im1,2, Sang-Jun Ha3

  • 1Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30033, USA.

Immune Network
|March 12, 2020
PubMed
Summary

A novel stem cell-like CD8 T cell subset drives immune responses in chronic infections and cancer. Understanding these cells is key to improving PD-1 immunotherapy for restoring T cell function.

Keywords:
ImmunotherapyPD-1Stem cell-like CD8 T-cell subsetT-cell exhaustion

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Phenotypic and Functional Analysis of Activated Regulatory T Cells Isolated from Chronic Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus-infected Mice
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Persistent antigen exposure causes T cell exhaustion, a dysfunction in CD8 T cells.
  • CD8 T cell exhaustion is observed in chronic viral infections and cancer.
  • Current immunotherapies aim to restore function in exhausted CD8 T cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the differentiation and function of CD8 T cell subsets during chronic viral infection.
  • To discuss the role of a novel stem cell-like CD8 T cell subset in chronic viral infection and cancer.
  • To explore PD-1 immunotherapy interventions for restoring exhausted CD8 T cell function.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on CD8 T cell differentiation and exhaustion.
  • Analysis of data from mouse models of chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection.
  • Examination of CD8 T cell subsets in mouse and human tumor models.

Main Results:

  • A novel subset of exhausted CD8 T cells exhibits stem cell-like properties.
  • This stem cell-like CD8 T cell subset maintains virus-specific CD8 T cells in chronic infection.
  • PD-1 immunotherapy-driven T cell proliferation originates exclusively from this stem cell-like subset in chronic infection and cancer models.

Conclusions:

  • Stem cell-like CD8 T cells are critical for immune responses in chronic viral infections and cancer.
  • Targeting these cells may enhance the efficacy of PD-1-directed immunotherapies.
  • Further research into the regulation of these CD8 T cell subsets is needed to optimize cancer and chronic infection treatments.