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Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...

Precipitation Processes

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...

Precipitation Gravimetry

Precipitation Gravimetry

Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...

Types of Coprecipitation

Types of Coprecipitation

Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
Sometimes, ions in a crystal lattice can undergo isomorphous replacement by inclusions of similar charge and size. For...

Precipitation of Ions

Precipitation of Ions

Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:

Precipitation Reactions

Precipitation Reactions

In a precipitation reaction, aqueous solutions of soluble salts react to give an insoluble ionic compound – the precipitate. The reaction occurs when oppositely charged ions in solution overcome their attraction for water and bind to each other, forming a precipitate that separates out from the solution. Since such reactions involve the exchange of ions between ionic compounds in aqueous solution, they are also referred to as double displacement, double replacement, exchange reactions, or...

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Convcast: An embedded convolutional LSTM based architecture for precipitation nowcasting using satellite data.

Ashutosh Kumar^1,2, Tanvir Islam¹, Yoshihide Sekimoto²

¹Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, United States of America.

|March 12, 2020

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces Convcast, a novel deep learning model for accurate precipitation nowcasting using satellite data. Convcast significantly improves short-term weather predictions, outperforming existing methods.

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Area of Science:

Meteorology
Artificial Intelligence
Satellite Remote Sensing

Background:

Precipitation nowcasting is a challenging spatiotemporal prediction task due to complex meteorological dynamics.
Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory (ConvLSTM) networks have demonstrated success in spatiotemporal problem-solving.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose and evaluate a novel precipitation nowcasting architecture named 'Convcast'.
To leverage satellite data for accurate short-term precipitation event prediction.

Main Methods:

Developed a novel deep learning architecture, Convcast, utilizing convolutional LSTM.
Trained Convcast on consecutive NASA's IMERG precipitation datasets at 30-minute intervals.
Employed iterative prediction for nowcasting up to 150 minutes lead time.

Main Results:

Convcast achieved 0.93 overall accuracy and 0.805 mm/h RMSE at 30 minutes lead time.
For 150 minutes lead time, Convcast reached 0.87 overall accuracy and 1.389 mm/h RMSE.
Convcast consistently outperformed state-of-the-art optical flow-based nowcasting algorithms.

Conclusions:

Convcast demonstrates superior performance in precipitation nowcasting compared to existing methods.
The model shows potential for real-time weather event nowcasting from satellite data.
Results suggest applicability for future on-board processing of precipitation data.