Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Operant Conditioning Intervention01:24

Operant Conditioning Intervention

387
Operant conditioning serves as a foundational principle in therapeutic interventions aimed at modifying maladaptive behaviors. Central to this approach is the notion that behaviors, both adaptive and maladaptive, are learned through reinforcement. By analyzing the environmental factors that reinforce problematic behaviors, clinicians can design interventions to weaken these reinforcements and replace maladaptive behaviors with healthier alternatives.
In operant conditioning, behaviors that are...
387
Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness01:14

Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness

2.4K
Avoidance learning and learned helplessness are critical concepts in understanding behavioral responses to negative stimuli.
Avoidance learning occurs when an organism learns that a specific behavior can prevent an unpleasant outcome. For example, a student who receives a bad grade may start studying harder to avoid future poor grades. This behavior persists even when the negative outcome is no longer present. Avoidance learning is powerful because it maintains behavior in the absence of the...
2.4K
Law of Effect01:06

Law of Effect

2.3K
B.F. Skinner, a prominent figure in behavioral psychology, introduced operant conditioning by emphasizing the role of consequences in shaping behavior. This theory builds upon the law of effect proposed by Edward Thorndike, which posits that behaviors followed by satisfying outcomes are likely to be repeated. In contrast, those followed by unsatisfying outcomes are less likely to recur.
Edward Thorndike's foundational work involved studying learning in animals, particularly using puzzle...
2.3K
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

924
Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
924

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Effects of overt and covert attention on decision-making dynamics in prefrontal cortex.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Learning to select computations in recurrent neural circuits.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Orbitofrontal Cortex Encodes Decision Signals during Value-based But Not Perceptual Decisions.

Journal of cognitive neuroscience·2026
Same author

Neural representation of the decisional reference point in monkeys.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Neural representation of the decisional reference point in monkeys.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2025
Same author

Orbitofrontal-Hippocampal State Coding Dynamics during Reversal Learning.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 26, 2025

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses
06:42

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses

Published on: September 28, 2018

12.1K

Closed-Loop Theta Stimulation in the Orbitofrontal Cortex Prevents Reward-Based Learning.

Eric B Knudsen1, Joni D Wallis2

  • 1Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.

Neuron
|March 12, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Theta oscillations in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) are crucial for reward learning. Hippocampal theta drives OFC theta, impacting cognitive functions and offering potential treatments for brain disorders.

Keywords:
closed-loop controlhippocampusmicrostimulationorbitofrontal cortexreinforcement learningtheta oscillation

More Related Videos

Real-time fMRI Biofeedback Targeting the Orbitofrontal Cortex for Contamination Anxiety
10:51

Real-time fMRI Biofeedback Targeting the Orbitofrontal Cortex for Contamination Anxiety

Published on: January 20, 2012

21.7K
Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats
08:30

Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats

Published on: February 15, 2015

21.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 26, 2025

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses
06:42

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses

Published on: September 28, 2018

12.1K
Real-time fMRI Biofeedback Targeting the Orbitofrontal Cortex for Contamination Anxiety
10:51

Real-time fMRI Biofeedback Targeting the Orbitofrontal Cortex for Contamination Anxiety

Published on: January 20, 2012

21.7K
Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats
08:30

Operant Procedures for Assessing Behavioral Flexibility in Rats

Published on: February 15, 2015

21.4K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Frontal cortex neuronal oscillations are linked to high-level cognition.
  • Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) theta oscillations (4-8 Hz) are observed during reward-guided behavior, but their causal role is unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the causal significance of OFC theta oscillations in reward-guided learning.
  • To explore the relationship between OFC theta oscillations and hippocampal theta oscillations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a closed-loop system to record OFC theta oscillations in real-time.
  • Employed real-time theta signals to control electrical microstimulation of the OFC.
  • Investigated the impact of OFC theta manipulation on reward-guided learning.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that OFC theta oscillations are critically important for reward-guided learning.
  • Showed that OFC theta oscillations are driven by theta oscillations originating in the hippocampus (HPC).

Conclusions:

  • OFC theta oscillations play a causal role in reward-guided learning.
  • Hippocampal theta oscillations influence OFC theta activity.
  • Precise stimulation techniques could offer new treatments for OFC-related neuropsychiatric disorders.