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Viscosity measures the resistance a fluid offers to flow and deformation. It results from internal friction between layers of fluid moving relative to one another. Dynamic viscosity, denoted by the Greek letter mu (μ), quantifies the force needed to move one fluid layer over another. For Newtonian fluids like water and air, the relationship between the shearing stress and the rate of shearing strain is linear, meaning their viscosity remains constant regardless of the applied stress.
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Fluids can be classified into Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids based on their response to shear stress. Newtonian fluids have a linear relationship between shear stress and the shear strain rate, following Newton's law of viscosity. Their viscosity remains constant regardless of the shear rate, making their behavior predictable and easier to analyze. Common examples include water, air, oil, and gasoline.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 26, 2025

High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal
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A single-component photorheological fluid with light-responsive viscosity.

Elaine A Kelly1, Niamh Willis-Fox, Judith E Houston

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Rd, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK. rce26@cam.ac.uk.

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|March 13, 2020
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a single-component fluid with tunable viscosity using light. This light-sensitive surfactant solution dramatically changes from highly viscous to low viscosity upon UV irradiation, with reversible properties.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Rheology

Background:

  • Viscoelastic fluids with tunable rheological properties are crucial for applications like microfluidics and controlled release.
  • Developing simple, single-component systems is essential for integrating these fluids into various technologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To report a single-component viscoelastic fluid with a dramatic light-sensitive rheological response.
  • To investigate the potential of a neutral azobenzene photosurfactant for tunable flow behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryo-TEM) to visualize micellar structures.
  • Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) to analyze structural changes.
  • Rheology measurements to quantify viscosity and viscoelastic behavior.

Main Results:

  • The photosurfactant (C6AzoOC4E4) forms an entangled network of wormlike micelles in water, exhibiting high viscosity (28 Pa s).
  • UV irradiation disrupts the micellar network, leading to vesicle formation and a four-order-of-magnitude decrease in viscosity (to 1.2 × 10^-3 Pa s).
  • The viscosity change is reversible, allowing cycling between high and low viscosity states with alternating UV and blue light.

Conclusions:

  • A single-component photosurfactant system demonstrates significant light-tunable rheological properties.
  • This reversible, light-induced viscosity change opens possibilities for advanced applications in microfluidics, heat transfer, and controlled release systems.