Black phosphorus for fighting antibiotic-resistant bacteria: What is known and what is missing

Recently, two-dimensional black phosphorus (BP) nanomaterial has captured much attention due to its superb physiochemical and electronic properties and various promising biomedical applications. However, relatively few studies have explored its antimicrobial properties, particularly for targeting antibiotic-resistant pathogens. A comprehensive understanding of the bactericidal mechanisms of BP is essential for application of this material as an antimicrobial. This review discusses the physicochemical and electronic properties of BP that are relevant for antimicrobial applications, especially the unique characteristics that may play a role in overcoming drug resistance. The literature is discussed in the context of what is known and what information is missing. We also highlight the differences and advantages of BP over other two-dimensional nanomaterials (i.e., graphene oxide and molybdenum disulfide) for bactericidal activity. Finally, we analyze existing challenges and note topics that require future investigation to overcome current inadequacies, aiming to assist the safe development of BP-based nanotechnology for pathogen control.