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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy01:15

Spinal Cord: Gross Anatomy

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The spinal cord resides within the protective confines of the vertebral column. It is the main pathway for information traveling between the brain and the body. It plays a fundamental role in nearly all bodily functions, from simple reflexes to complex motor movements. The spinal cord begins at the medulla oblongata at the base of the brainstem and extends downward, terminating at the conus medullaris near the first and second lumbar vertebrae. The spinal cord's length in adults is...
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The Spinal Cord01:54

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The spinal cord is the body’s major nerve tract of the central nervous system, communicating afferent sensory information from the periphery to the brain and efferent motor information from the brain to the body. The human spinal cord extends from the hole at the base of the skull, or foramen magnum, to the level of the first or second lumbar vertebra.
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Spinal Cord: Cross-sectional Anatomy01:16

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The cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord offers a detailed view of its complex structure and function within the central nervous system. At the core of the spinal cord lies the gray matter, characterized by its butterfly or "H"-shaped appearance in cross-section. This central region is enveloped by white matter, with the overall structure divided into symmetrical halves by the dorsal median sulcus and the ventral median fissure.
Gray Matter and its Components
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Spinal Cord01:26

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The spinal cord, a critical component of the central nervous system, extends from the base of the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. It is essential for maintaining physical stability and facilitating communication between the brain and peripheral parts of the body.
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Spinal Cord: Information Processing01:10

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The spinal cord is an integral hub for motor and sensory information that enables the brain to communicate with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). This communication consists of relaying sensory data and transmission of motor commands.
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Spinal Nerves: Anatomy01:23

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Spinal nerves are pivotal conduits in the nervous system, bridging the central nervous system (CNS) with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These nerves enable a complex communication network between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body, facilitating sensory input, motor output, and autonomic functions.
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Establishing a Mouse Contusion Spinal Cord Injury Model Based on a Minimally Invasive Technique
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Spinal cord lesions.

Rüdiger Rupp1

  • 1Experimental Neurorehabilitation, Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.

Handbook of Clinical Neurology
|March 14, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) impairs motor, sensory, and autonomic functions. Brain-computer interfaces offer potential for therapy and assistive devices, but research on brain changes post-SCI needs clearer participant data.

Keywords:
AssessmentBrain reorganizationCompensationConfounding factorsParaplegiaRehabilitationRestorationSpinal cord injuryStudy recommendationsTetraplegia

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Rehabilitation Medicine
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Spinal cord injury (SCI) leads to motor, sensory, and autonomic dysfunction below the injury level.
  • Global SCI prevalence is 1:1000, with 4-9 new cases per 100,000 annually.
  • Traumatic SCI commonly results from accidents, falls, and violence; nontraumatic injuries increase with age in industrialized nations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) in SCI rehabilitation and assistive device control.
  • To highlight the need for improved characterization of SCI populations in research.
  • To address the inconclusiveness of research on brain reorganization after SCI.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current understanding of SCI-related functional impairments.
  • Discussion of BCI applications in subacute and chronic SCI phases.
  • Identification of research gaps concerning brain plasticity and confounding factors.

Main Results:

  • Most patients with initial motor function preservation experience significant recovery.
  • Three-quarters of patients with complete SCI retain their condition.
  • BCIs show promise for restorative therapy and controlling assistive devices, especially for high cervical lesions.

Conclusions:

  • Standardized participant characterization and documentation of confounding factors (e.g., medication, pain) are crucial for SCI research.
  • Further research is needed to clarify brain reorganization post-SCI.
  • BCIs represent a significant technological advancement for SCI management.