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Related Concept Videos

Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

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Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
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LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Drug Elimination by Renal Route: Tubular Secretion01:15

Drug Elimination by Renal Route: Tubular Secretion

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Once the process of glomerular filtration is completed, blood carrying unfiltered drug molecules traverses through efferent arterioles and makes its way into the peritubular capillaries in the proximal tubule. A variety of carriers play a pivotal role in actively secreting drugs from these peritubular capillaries into the tubular fluid. The organic anion transporter transfers acidic drugs, against an electrochemical gradient, from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubule cells and...
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Drug Elimination by Renal Route: Tubular Reabsorption01:22

Drug Elimination by Renal Route: Tubular Reabsorption

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During the process of renal excretion, as the glomerular filtrate progresses to the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), drugs that are highly permeable, lipophilic, and nonionized undergo passive reabsorption from the tubular fluid into the surrounding peritubular capillaries. This reabsorption process restricts their elimination through the kidneys. However, the majority of drugs are either weak acids or weak bases, and their ionization level is dependent on pH. By altering the pH of urine, the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 26, 2025

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors
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Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship, Activity Prediction, and Molecular Dynamics of Non-nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors

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Emtricitabine.

Abdulrahman A Al-Majed1, Ahmed H H Bakheit2, Bakr Mohammed Al-Qahtani1

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Profiles of Drug Substances, Excipients, and Related Methodology
|March 14, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Emtricitabine, an antiviral medication, effectively treats HIV and Hepatitis B by inhibiting viral replication. This review details its analytical methods, stability, and pharmacological properties for comprehensive understanding.

Keywords:
Clinical applicationsDescriptionEmtricitabineMethods of analysisMethods of preparationPhysical characteristicsStability

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Medicinal Chemistry
  • Virology

Background:

  • Emtricitabine (FTC) is a crucial nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) used in managing HIV and Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections.
  • Its clinical significance necessitates a comprehensive understanding of its properties and analytical characterization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a thorough review of Emtricitabine's physical, pharmaceutical, and analytical characteristics.
  • To consolidate information on analytical techniques, stability, pharmacology, and clinical applications of Emtricitabine.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review encompassing analytical techniques such as spectroscopy, chromatography, electrochemical, and thermal methods.
  • Analysis of Emtricitabine's degradation, stability, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and ADME profile.

Main Results:

  • Detailed examination of various analytical methods for Emtricitabine quantification and identification in pharmaceutical and biological matrices.
  • Discussion on Emtricitabine's degradation pathways, stability under different conditions, and its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile.

Conclusions:

  • Emtricitabine is a vital antiviral agent with well-defined analytical and pharmacological profiles.
  • This review provides a consolidated resource for researchers and clinicians working with Emtricitabine, highlighting its analytical, stability, and clinical aspects.