Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

56.2K
Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
56.2K
The de Broglie Wavelength02:32

The de Broglie Wavelength

32.6K
In the macroscopic world, objects that are large enough to be seen by the naked eye follow the rules of classical physics. A billiard ball moving on a table will behave like a particle; it will continue traveling in a straight line unless it collides with another ball, or it is acted on by some other force, such as friction. The ball has a well-defined position and velocity or well-defined momentum, p = mv, which is defined by mass m and velocity v at any given moment. This is the typical...
32.6K
Emission Spectra02:39

Emission Spectra

75.2K
When solids, liquids, or condensed gases are heated sufficiently, they radiate some of the excess energy as light. Photons produced in this manner have a range of energies, and thereby produce a continuous spectrum in which an unbroken series of wavelengths is present.
75.2K
The Bohr Model02:18

The Bohr Model

79.7K
Following the work of Ernest Rutherford and his colleagues in the early twentieth century, the picture of atoms consisting of tiny dense nuclei surrounded by lighter and even tinier electrons continually moving about the nucleus was well established. This picture was called the planetary model since it pictured the atom as a miniature “solar system” with the electrons orbiting the nucleus like planets orbiting the sun. The simplest atom is hydrogen, consisting of a single proton as the...
79.7K
The Wave Nature of Light02:12

The Wave Nature of Light

60.3K
The nature of light has been a subject of inquiry since antiquity. In the seventeenth century, Isaac Newton performed experiments with lenses and prisms and was able to demonstrate that white light consists of the individual colors of the rainbow combined together. Newton explained his optics findings in terms of a "corpuscular" view of light, in which light was composed of streams of extremely tiny particles traveling at high speeds according to Newton's laws of motion.
60.3K
The Uncertainty Principle04:08

The Uncertainty Principle

31.0K
Werner Heisenberg considered the limits of how accurately one can measure properties of an electron or other microscopic particles. He determined that there is a fundamental limit to how accurately one can measure both a particle’s position and its momentum simultaneously. The more accurate the measurement of the momentum of a particle is known, the less accurate the position at that time is known and vice versa. This is what is now called the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. He...
31.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan specific to retinal horizontal neurons.

The Journal of comparative neurology·1998
Same author

Evidence based advertising? Half of drug advertisements in BMJ over six months cited no supporting evidence.

BMJ (Clinical research ed.)·1998
Same author

Transfoam Wave: the new addition to the Transfoam range.

British journal of nursing (Mark Allen Publishing)·1998
Same author

Carbohydrate intake and recovery of intermittent running capacity.

International journal of sport nutrition·1998
Same author

Psoriatic dactylitis: bone scintigraphic appearances.

Clinical nuclear medicine·1997
Same author

Pre-exercise carbohydrate meal and endurance running capacity when carbohydrates are ingested during exercise.

International journal of sports medicine·1997
Same journal

Low-Frequency Calibration of Accelerometers by Rotation in the Gravitational Field at NIST.

Metrologia·2026
Same journal

Measurement of the <sup>27</sup>Al<sup>+</sup> and <sup>87</sup>Sr absolute optical frequencies.

Metrologia·2026
Same journal

Leveraging the revised International System of Units: torque from the fundamental constants.

Metrologia·2026
Same journal

Uncertainty of the measurement of the frequency dependence of four-terminal pair capacitance with a four-channel vector network analyzer.

Metrologia·2026
Same journal

Primary activity measurement of an Am-241 solution using microgram inkjet gravimetry and decay energy spectrometry.

Metrologia·2026
Same journal

Calibrating laser Doppler anemometers utilizing an optical chopper.

Metrologia·2025
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 26, 2025

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform
05:39

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Published on: August 2, 2019

10.2K

Bridging classical and quantum mechanics.

D Haddad1,2, F Seifert1,2, L S Chao1

  • 1National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100 Bureau Drive Stop 8171, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.

Metrologia
|March 14, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers derived mass-energy equivalence using a watt balance and frequency comb. This links mechanical power to electrical power, realizing the kilogram using fundamental constants like Planck

Keywords:
Josephson voltagefrequency combmass-energy equivalencequantum Hall resistancewatt balance

More Related Videos

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
06:42

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

9.6K
Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
09:23

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Published on: May 30, 2014

14.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 26, 2025

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform
05:39

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

Published on: August 2, 2019

10.2K
Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
06:42

Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs

Published on: June 8, 2018

9.6K
Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
09:23

Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators

Published on: May 30, 2014

14.9K

Area of Science:

  • Metrology and fundamental physics.
  • Quantum electrical standards.
  • Precision measurement science.

Background:

  • The watt balance relates mechanical and electrical power.
  • Josephson and quantum Hall effects provide electrical units.
  • Frequency combs enable precise measurements of time and frequency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To derive mass-energy equivalence.
  • To establish a direct link between mechanical action and the Planck constant.
  • To realize the unit of mass using fundamental constants.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a watt balance to compare mechanical and electrical power.
  • Employing frequency combs for precise velocity and gravity acceleration measurements.
  • Leveraging the Josephson and quantum Hall effects for electrical unit realization.

Main Results:

  • Mass-energy equivalence was derived.
  • A direct link between mechanical action and the Planck constant was established.
  • The unit of mass was realized from the Planck constant, speed of light, and cesium hyperfine frequency.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully derived mass-energy equivalence.
  • It demonstrated the practical realization of the kilogram using fundamental physical constants.
  • This work advances precision measurement and our understanding of fundamental physical quantities.