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Pilot relaying is a type of differential protection used in power systems. It compares electrical quantities at the terminals of equipment via a communication channel instead of direct relay interconnection. This method is essential for transmission lines where the terminals are far apart, typically up to 80 km for lines with 69 to 115 kV ratings. Four types of communication channels are used for pilot relaying:
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Cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBTs) are grounded in the belief that our thoughts profoundly influence our emotions and actions. Advocates of CBT emphasize three core assumptions: first, that cognitions are identifiable and measurable; second, that they are central to psychological functioning; and third, that irrational or maladaptive beliefs can be replaced with rational and adaptive ones. This transformative approach to therapy has paved the way for specific models such as Albert...
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Aluminum has become the material of choice for overhead transmission lines, surpassing copper due to its abundance and cost-effectiveness. The most prevalent type is the aluminum conductor, steel-reinforced (ACSR), which combines aluminum strands around a steel core. Other variants include all-aluminum conductors (AAC), all-aluminum alloy conductors (AAAC), aluminum conductor alloy-reinforced (ACAR), and aluminum-clad steel conductors. Advanced designs, such as aluminum conductors with steel...
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Line Protection with Impedance Relays01:27

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Coordinating time-delay overcurrent relays in complex radial systems and directional overcurrent relays in multi-source transmission loops can be challenging. Impedance relays address these issues by responding to the voltage-to-current ratio, specifically measuring the apparent impedance of a line. These relays become more sensitive during faults as current increases and voltage decreases, thereby reducing the apparent impedance.
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Directional relays, essential for managing unidirectional fault currents, enhance the safety and efficiency of power systems. On power lines equipped with directional relays, faults downstream (to the right) of the current transformer typically cause the fault current to lag the bus voltage by approximately 90 degrees, known as the forward direction. In contrast, upstream (left-side) faults may result in the fault current leading the bus voltage by nearly 90 degrees, termed the reverse...
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The analysis of suspension bridges is a complex and critical process that involves multiple factors, including the shape and tension of the main cables. The main cables of suspension bridges are subjected to distributed loads, which result in changes in tensile forces and deformation of the cable. These loads must be carefully considered to ensure that the bridge is safe and capable of supporting the weight of different loads.
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Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
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An Energy-Aware Retransmission Approach in SWIPT-Based Cognitive Relay Systems.

Qiang Li1, Xueyan Zhang1, Ashish Pandharipande2

  • 1School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.

IEEE Transactions on Cognitive Communications and Networking
|March 14, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cooperative spectrum sharing enables a secondary user to relay signals for a primary user using simultaneous wireless information and power transfer. An energy-aware retransmission scheme improves performance, especially under high rate and low power conditions.

Keywords:
Cooperative spectrum sharingcognitive relayenergy-aware retransmissionpower splittingsimultaneous wireless information and power transfer

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Area of Science:

  • Wireless Communication
  • Cognitive Radio
  • Signal Processing

Background:

  • Spectrum sharing between primary users (PU) and secondary users (SU) is crucial for efficient wireless resource utilization.
  • Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer (SWIPT) offers a promising approach for energy harvesting in wireless networks.
  • Cognitive relays can enhance system performance by intelligently managing shared spectrum resources.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate cooperative spectrum sharing between a PU and an SU using a cognitive relay with SWIPT capabilities.
  • To propose and analyze an Energy-Aware Retransmission (EAR) scheme to optimize energy harvesting and system reliability.
  • To evaluate the outage and throughput performance for both PU and SU under the proposed framework.

Main Methods:

  • A two-phase relaying model is employed, where the secondary transmitter (ST) splits power for energy harvesting and signal processing.
  • The ST utilizes harvested energy to amplify-and-forward a weighted combination of PU and SU signals.
  • The EAR scheme ensures a minimum energy threshold is met before signal retransmission.

Main Results:

  • Theoretical analysis of outage and throughput performance for both PU and SU is presented.
  • Simulation results confirm a mutually beneficial relationship between PU and SU under optimal parameter settings.
  • The EAR scheme demonstrates significant performance gains in challenging scenarios, such as high data rates and low transmission power.

Conclusions:

  • Cooperative spectrum sharing with SWIPT and a cognitive relay is feasible and beneficial for both primary and secondary users.
  • The proposed EAR scheme effectively enhances system reliability and performance, particularly in adverse wireless conditions.
  • This approach offers a 'win-win' solution for spectrum utilization and energy management in cognitive radio networks.