Purine and purinergic receptors
1Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, London, UK.
Brain and Neuroscience Advances
|March 14, 2020
Summary
Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) is a key extracellular signal molecule activating purinergic receptors. These receptors, including P1 (adenosine) and P2 (nucleotide) types, are crucial for various physiological processes and disease treatments.
Area of Science:
- Biochemistry
- Molecular Biology
- Pharmacology
Background:
- Adenosine 5 '-triphosphate (ATP) serves dual roles as an intracellular energy source and an extracellular signaling molecule.
- Purinergic signaling, mediated by ATP and its breakdown product adenosine, involves specific P1 and P2 receptors.
- The discovery of ATP receptors has revealed their involvement in diverse physiological and pathological processes.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the classification and function of adenosine 5 '-triphosphate receptors.
- To highlight the role of purinergic signaling in both short-term and long-term cellular communication.
- To discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting purinergic receptors for various diseases.
Main Methods:
- Cloning and characterization of adenosine 5 '-triphosphate receptors.
- Classification of P1 receptors (adenosine-selective) into four subtypes (A1, A2A, A2B, A3).
- Classification of P2 receptors (nucleotide-activated) into ligand-gated ion channels (P2X1-7) and G protein-coupled receptors (P2Y1-14).
Main Results:
- Four subtypes of P1 receptors and eight subtypes of P2Y receptors have been identified.
- P2X receptors form functional trimers as homo- and heteromultimers.
- Evidence suggests ATP is an ancient extracellular signaling molecule, with P2X-like receptors found in invertebrates.
Conclusions:
- Adenosine 5 '-triphosphate receptors mediate diverse signaling pathways with implications for numerous diseases.
- Selective modulators of purinoceptors demonstrate therapeutic promise for conditions like thrombosis, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer.
- Purinergic signaling represents a significant area for therapeutic intervention across a broad spectrum of human ailments.
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