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Impact occurs when two bodies collide, leading to the application of impulsive forces between them. Analyzing impact mechanics involves considering two colliding particles moving along a line known as the line of impact, which passes through their centers and is perpendicular to the contact plane.
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The pathophysiology of Acute Coronary Syndrome [ACD] involves several key processes:The main underlying cause of ACD is atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by the buildup of lipid-laden plaques within the coronary arteries.As the atherosclerotic plaque grows in the coronary artery, it may become unstable due to the formation of a lipid-rich core and a thin fibrous cap. Inflammatory cells within the plaque, such as macrophages, secrete enzymes that degrade the...
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Impacts can be classified in various forms, primarily under two subgroups: central impact and oblique impact. A central impact occurs when two objects collide head-on, possessing opposite velocities aligned along the line of impact. Conversely, an oblique impact occurs when two objects collide at an angle, resulting in a modification of both direction and velocity.
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According to Newton’s second law of motion, the rate of change of the momentum of an object is the net external force acting on it. The total change in momentum between two timepoints thus depends on both the external force acting on it and the time over which it acts. Describing this mathematically, the total change of an object’s motion is proportional to the force vector and the time over which it is applied. This product is called impulse.
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The discussion of bullying highlights the problem of witnesses not intervening to help a victim. This is a common occurrence, as the following well-publicized event demonstrates. In 1964, in Queens, New York, a 19-year-old woman named Kitty Genovese was attacked by a person with a knife near the back entrance to her apartment building and again in the hallway inside her apartment building. When the attack occurred, she screamed for help numerous times and eventually died from her stab wounds.
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A Contusive Model of Unilateral Cervical Spinal Cord Injury Using the Infinite Horizon Impactor
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Second Impact Syndrome. Myth or reality?

J Engelhardt1, D Brauge2, H Loiseau3

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, University of Bordeaux, Hôpital Pellegrin, 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France.

Neuro-Chirurgie
|March 15, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Second Impact Syndrome (SIS) is a rare but severe condition following sports-related concussions. Understanding its pathophysiology, including the trigeminocardiac reflex and neurogenic inflammation, is crucial for athlete safety and return-to-play protocols.

Keywords:
Mild brain injurySecond impact syndromeTalk and deteriorate

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Sports Medicine
  • Traumatology

Background:

  • Second Impact Syndrome (SIS) is a rare, severe outcome of sport-induced mild brain injury.
  • SIS is characterized by specific clinical, anamnestic, and radiological criteria, which is uncommon in head trauma cases.
  • The rarity of reported cases contrasts with the large population of athletes at risk for repeated concussions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a comprehensive literature review on Second Impact Syndrome.
  • To analyze the existing data on SIS, its characteristics, and potential pathophysiological mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search was performed on PubMed.
  • Keywords included "second impact syndrome," "catastrophic head injury," "sport concussion," and "repetitive head injury."
  • Studies were assessed for eligibility, with 41 included in qualitative synthesis and 21 in quantitative synthesis.

Main Results:

  • Eighty-two full-text articles were initially reviewed.
  • 41 studies were included for qualitative analysis and 21 for quantitative analysis.
  • The literature revealed a very small number of reported SIS cases relative to the population at risk.

Conclusions:

  • SIS shares characteristics with "talk and deteriorate" syndromes, offering new perspectives, especially in pediatric populations.
  • The trigeminocardiac reflex and neurogenic inflammation are proposed as key pathophysiological mechanisms explaining SIS.
  • Concussions in sports must be managed as serious injuries, with strict return-to-play guidelines essential for athlete safety.