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Related Concept Videos

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
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MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
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Use of an Influenza Antigen Microarray to Measure the Breadth of Serum Antibodies Across Virus Subtypes
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Antigenic Cartography: Overview and Current Developments.

Ioannis Sitaras1

  • 1Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Unit, US National Poultry Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Athens, GA, USA. ioannis_sitaras@hotmail.com.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)
|March 15, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Antigenic cartography maps influenza virus evolution and aids surveillance. This method helps determine if vaccine strains need updating based on antigenic distance, improving vaccine efficacy.

Keywords:
Antigenic cartographyAntigenic characterizationAntigenic distanceHemagglutination inhibitionInfluenza

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Area of Science:

  • Virology
  • Immunology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Antigenic cartography quantifies antigenic distances between influenza viruses and sera.
  • It visualizes antigenic drift and evolution of influenza viruses over time.
  • Hemagglutination inhibition assays provide the raw data for analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present antigenic cartography as a tool for influenza virus research and surveillance.
  • To highlight the importance of antigenic cartography in vaccine strain selection and updating decisions.
  • To discuss recent improvements enhancing the accuracy of antigenic cartography.

Main Methods:

  • Quantification of raw data from hemagglutination inhibition assays.
  • Calculation of antigenic distances between influenza virus strains or sera.
  • Positioning of viruses and sera on a two-dimensional antigenic map.

Main Results:

  • Antigenic cartography provides a clear visualization of influenza virus antigenic drift.
  • It enables straightforward assessment of antigenic distances relevant to vaccine efficacy.
  • Recent advancements have significantly improved the precision of antigenic cartography calculations.

Conclusions:

  • Antigenic cartography is crucial for understanding influenza virus evolution and for effective surveillance.
  • The method directly informs critical decisions regarding influenza vaccine updates.
  • Improved accuracy of antigenic cartography enhances its utility in public health.