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Related Concept Videos

Centrosome Duplication02:25

Centrosome Duplication

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The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
To ensure that each daughter cell receives a centrosome after cell division, centrosome duplication...
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Centrioles and Centrosomes01:13

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Most animal cells comprise a pair of centrioles together called a centrosome. The cell duplicates its centrosome and contains two centrosomes side-by-side, which begin to move apart during the prophase. As the centrosomes migrate to two different sides of the cell, microtubules start extending from each centrosome toward the other end. The mitotic spindle is composed of the centrosomes and their emerging microtubules.
Near the end of the prophase, also called late prophase or...
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Spindle Assembly02:50

Spindle Assembly

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Spindle assembly occurs through three, often coexisting, pathways – the centrosome-mediated pathway, the chromatin-mediated pathway, and the microtubule-mediated pathway – collectively contributing to form a robust spindle apparatus.
In most cells, centrosomes are the primary microtubule nucleation centers. In the centrosome-mediated pathway, the G2-prophase transition triggers centrosome maturation and increased microtubule nucleation. Progressive nucleation results in a...
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Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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Neurulation01:30

Neurulation

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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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The Mitotic Spindle02:27

The Mitotic Spindle

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The mitotic spindle—or spindle apparatus—is a eukaryotic, cytoskeletal structure made up of long protein fibers called microtubules. Formed during cell division, the spindle separates sister chromatids and moves them to opposite ends of a parental cell, where the now individual chromosomes are distributed to two daughter cell nuclei.
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Author Spotlight: Investigating Asymmetric Cell Division Dynamics: A Protocol for Live-Imaging of Drosophila Larval Brain Explants
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Centrosomes: The good and the bad for brain development.

Véronique Marthiens1, Renata Basto1

  • 1Biology of Centrosomes and Genetic Instability Laboratory, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS, UMR144, Paris, 75005, France.

Biology of the Cell
|March 15, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Centrosomes organize cell structures crucial for brain development. Dysfunction in these organelles impairs neural stem cell division, leading to defects in brain size and function.

Keywords:
brain development and brain growth disorderscentrosomesmitotic errorsmitotic spindle assembly and disorganisationneural stem cell division and fitness

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Centrosomes are essential for organizing the microtubule cytoskeleton in animal cells.
  • These organelles play critical roles in tissue organization, polarity, and growth.
  • Centrosome dysfunction significantly impacts brain size and neurological function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of centrosomes in brain development.
  • To discuss the consequences of centrosome dysfunction on neural stem cell division and fitness.
  • To highlight the link between centrosome defects and brain growth abnormalities.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on centrosome biology and neuroscience.
  • Analysis of studies on centrosome dysfunction in model organisms (Drosophila) and mammals.
  • Examination of research on neural stem cell division and behavior.

Main Results:

  • Centrosomes are vital for proper brain growth during development.
  • Centrosome number and structural abnormalities negatively affect neural stem cell division and viability.
  • These cellular defects in stem cells correlate with observed brain growth defects.

Conclusions:

  • Centrosome integrity is fundamental for normal brain development.
  • Dysfunctional centrosomes in neural stem cells are a key factor in brain growth disorders.
  • Understanding centrosome biology offers insights into neurological development and disease.