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Perception is influenced by perceptual set, context, motivation, and emotion. Perceptual set, or perceptual expectancy, refers to the tendency to perceive things in a particular way, influenced by previous experiences and expectations. This phenomenon affects the interpretation of stimuli, creating a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that impact sensory perceptions of sound, taste, touch, and sight.
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Positive affect significantly influences cognitive processes, including evaluation, memory, creativity, and social judgments. Compared to negative affect, positive emotional states promote more favorable interpretations of stimuli, cognitive flexibility, and heuristic processing. These effects highlight emotions' powerful role in shaping how individuals perceive, remember, and interact with the world.Influence on Evaluation and AttributionWhen individuals experience positive affect, they are...
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Affect plays a crucial role in shaping interpersonal evaluations and perceptions. Emotions influence how individuals judge and respond to others, often determining whether interactions are viewed positively or negatively. This effect can manifest directly through interactions with the person in question or indirectly via associations with unrelated emotional experiences.Direct Effects of Affect on AttractionAffect directly influences interpersonal attraction when a person’s behavior...
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The Stereotype Content Model (SCM) was first proposed by Susan Fiske and her colleagues (Fiske, Cuddy, Glick & Xu, 2002; see also Fiske, 2012 and Fiske, 2017). The SCM specifies that when someone encounters a new group, they will stereotype them based on two metrics: warmth—or that group’s perceived intent, and how likely they are to provide help or inflict harm—and competence—or their ability to carry out that objective. Depending on the warmth-competence...
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Methods for Presenting Real-world Objects Under Controlled Laboratory Conditions
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Real-world expectations and their affective value modulate object processing.

Laurent Caplette1, Frédéric Gosselin1, Martial Mermillod2

  • 1Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.

Neuroimage
|March 16, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Prior expectations shape perception by engaging brain regions like the precuneus and frontal cortex. Affective context modulates sensory processing in early visual areas during object recognition.

Keywords:
EmotionExpectationsObject recognitionPredictionsfMRI

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Expectations significantly influence perception, but neural mechanisms are not fully understood.
  • Previous research used artificial cues, unlike real-world complex, learned associations.
  • Affective value in expectations and its predictive mechanisms are debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate neural mechanisms of object processing influenced by realistic context-based expectations.
  • Examine how affect modulates these context-based expectations.
  • Differentiate neural processes of expectation integration versus simultaneous context-object interaction.

Main Methods:

  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was employed.
  • Participants processed objects under conditions of varying context-based expectations.
  • Analysis focused on brain activity (BOLD signal) during object recognition.

Main Results:

  • Increased activity in precuneus, inferotemporal cortex, and frontal cortex when prior expectations were elicited, regardless of validity or affect.
  • These areas integrate contextual expectations with sensory information, distinct from simultaneous context-object interaction areas.
  • Early visual areas showed higher activity without prior expectations.
  • Early visual areas showed enhanced BOLD activity for less expected objects in neutral contexts, but the opposite in affective contexts.

Conclusions:

  • Specific brain regions integrate learned, context-based expectations with sensory input.
  • Neural mechanisms for expectation integration are distinct from simultaneous context-object processing.
  • Affective states modulate sensory information weighting during predictive processing.