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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 26, 2025

Oscillation and Reaction Board Techniques for Estimating Inertial Properties of a Below-knee Prosthesis
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Optimal mass of the arm segments in throwing: A two-dimensional computer simulation study.

Patrick Fasbender1,2, Thomas J Korff1,3, Vassilios B Baltzopoulos1,4

  • 1Centre for Human Performance, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Department of Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK.

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Athletes can increase throwing speed by optimizing arm segment mass. Increasing upper arm mass boosts speed, while forearm mass decreases it, suggesting a need for greater mass tapering.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Sports Science
  • Human Movement Analysis

Background:

  • High release speed is crucial for performance in throwing sports like baseball and javelin.
  • Optimizing the kinetic chain's effectiveness can enhance throwing velocity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of forearm and upper arm mass variations on projectile release speed during overarm throwing.
  • To determine the optimal upper arm mass for maximizing release speed.

Main Methods:

  • A two-dimensional computer simulation model of overarm throwing was utilized.
  • Simulations analyzed the effects of altering forearm and upper arm segment masses.

Main Results:

  • Increasing forearm mass was found to decrease release speed.
  • Increasing upper arm mass initially enhanced release speed, with an optimal mass identified.
  • The optimal upper arm mass for peak release speed was significantly higher than average adult mass.

Conclusions:

  • A greater tapering of segment mass along the arm may enhance throwing speed.
  • Strategies like adding weights to the upper arm or hypertrophy training could increase upper arm mass.
  • Further 3D simulations and experimental studies are recommended for comprehensive insights.