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Updated: Dec 26, 2025

Author Spotlight: An Antimicrobial Fabric Using Nano-Herbal Encapsulation of Essential Oils
Published on: April 7, 2023
Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with clove essential oil: Characterization, antioxidant and antibacterial activities
Milad Hadidi1, Shiva Pouramin2, Fateme Adinepour3
1Department of Food Technology, University of Lleida, Lleida, Spain.
Abstract:
One of the recent trends in the food industry is application of natural antioxidant/antimicrobial agents. In this study, essential oil of clove buds was extracted and encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles using a two-step technique of emulsion-ionic gelation. A good retention rate (55.8-73.4 %) of clove essential oil (CEO) loaded in chitosan nanoparticles was confirmed. Also, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses revealed the success of CEO encapsulation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images illustrated regular distribution and spherical shape of nanoparticles with a size range of 223-444 nm. The antioxidant activity of CEO-loaded chitosan nanoparticles was higher than free CEO. Similarly, CEO-loaded chitosan nanoparticles had a high antibacterial activity against L. monocytogenes and S. aureus (inhibition halo diameter of 4.80-4.78 cm). This technique could improve the efficiency of CEO in food products and a delivery system for novel applications such as active packaging.
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