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Related Concept Videos

Photosystem I01:27

Photosystem I

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Although structurally similar to photosystem II (PSII), photosystem I (PSI) is has a different electron supplier and electron acceptor.
Both these photosystems work in concert. An excited electron from PSII is relayed to PSI via an electron transport chain in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, which is comprised of the carrier molecule plastoquinone, the dual-protein cytochrome complex, and plastocyanin. As electrons move between PSII and PSI, they lose energy and must be re-energized...
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Photosystem II01:22

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The multi-protein complex photosystem II (PS II) harvests photons and transfers their energy through its bound pigments to its reaction center, and ultimately to photosystem I (PSI) through the electron transport chain. The pigments responsible for caputirng the light energy in photosystems include chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids.
The pigment molecules are arranged across  two photosystem domains — the antenna complex and the reaction center. The main aim of the pigment...
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Photosystems01:32

Photosystems

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Photosystems are multiprotein complexes that form the functional units of photosynthesis in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. They are found embedded in the membrane of tiny sac-like structures called thylakoids placed inside the chloroplast.
Functioning of Photosystems
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The Photochemical Reaction Center01:29

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Reaction centers are pigment-protein complexes that initiate energy conversion from photons to chemical entities. Therefore, photochemical reaction center is a more appropriate term that describes these complexes. The Nobel laureates Robert Emerson and William Arnold provided the first experimental evidence of photochemical reaction centers by demonstrating the participation of nearly 2,500 chlorophyll molecules for the release of just one molecule of oxygen. Despite thousands of photosynthetic...
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The Z-Scheme of Electron Transport in Photosynthesis01:34

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The light reactions of photosynthesis assume a linear flow of electrons from water to NADP+. During this process, light energy drives the splitting of water molecules to produce oxygen. However, oxidation of water molecules is a thermodynamically unfavorable reaction and requires a strong oxidizing agent. This is accomplished by the first product of light reactions: oxidized P680 (or P680+), the most powerful oxidizing agent known in biology. The oxidized P680 that acquires an electron from the...
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Most organisms use photoreceptors to sense and respond to light. Examples of photoreceptors include bacteriorhodopsins and bacteriophytochromes in some bacteria, phytochromes in plants, and rhodopsins in the photoreceptor cells of the vertebral retina. The light-sensitive property of these receptors is because of the bound chromophores, such as bilin in the phytochromes and retinal in the rhodopsins.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 26, 2025

Isolation and Characterization of Intact Phycobilisome in Cyanobacteria
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Charge transfer states in phycobilisomes.

Md Wahadoszamen1, Tjaart P J Krüger2, Anjue Mane Ara3

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. Bioenergetics
|March 17, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This study explores far-red emission states in phycobilisomes (PBs) related to light-induced energy dissipation. Findings reveal charge-transfer (CT) states in PBs, potentially enabling new fluorescence markers.

Keywords:
Excitation energy flow regulationLight harvestingPhotosynthesisSingle molecule spectroscopyStark spectroscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Photosynthesis
  • Biophysics
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Phycobilisomes (PBs) are crucial light-harvesting complexes in cyanobacteria and algae.
  • PBs dissipate excess light energy via OCP-related or intrinsic mechanisms, both linked to far-red emission.
  • Understanding these far-red states is key to photoprotection and energy transfer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the far-red states associated with the light-induced intrinsic energy dissipation mechanism in PBs.
  • Explore the energy landscape and electro-optical properties of pigments within PBs.
  • Characterize the nature and temperature dependence of these far-red states.

Main Methods:

  • Stark spectroscopy at cryogenic temperatures to analyze charge-transfer (CT) character.
  • Single-molecule spectroscopy to probe pigment properties at room temperature.
  • Analysis of energy landscape and electro-optical properties of PB pigments.

Main Results:

  • Far-red states in PBs exhibit significant charge-transfer (CT) character at cryogenic temperatures.
  • Evidence suggests the presence of CT states in PBs at room temperature.
  • The environmental sensitivity of CT states was highlighted.

Conclusions:

  • The intrinsic light-induced far-red emission in PBs involves charge-transfer (CT) states.
  • CT states are present in PBs across a range of temperatures.
  • This research may inform the development of novel fluorescence markers based on CT state properties.