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Knee Joint

Knee Joint

The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris...

Muscles that Move the Leg

Muscles that Move the Leg

The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
Anterior Compartment
The quadriceps femoris, the most visible muscle of the anterior compartment, is integral for leg extension and thigh flexion. It is formed by merging four distinct muscles — the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. The quadriceps tendon, a shared tendon of the four quadriceps muscles, is affixed...

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 26, 2025

Author Spotlight: Investigating the Mechanism of Action of Acupotomy in Treating Knee Osteoarthritis

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A knee stiffness unusual etiology.

Khaled Zitouna, Hend Riahi, Alya Zheni

La Tunisie Medicale

|March 17, 2020

Summary

A rare benign tumor, intracapsular and paraarticular chondroma, can cause knee stiffness in older adults. Surgical removal offers a complete recovery with no recurrence, as shown in this case study.

Area of Science:

Orthopedic Surgery
Musculoskeletal Oncology
Radiology

Background:

Progressive unilateral knee stiffness is an uncommon presentation in older adults, necessitating consideration of differential diagnoses beyond osteoarthritis, including tumors and infections.
Intracapsular and paraarticular chondromas are rare benign cartilaginous tumors that can affect large joints, predominantly the knee.

Observation:

A 64-year-old male presented with painless, limited knee motion due to a firm, movable mass in the infrapatellar area.
Imaging revealed a well-defined soft tissue mass with calcifications within the infrapatellar Hoffa's fat pad.

Findings:

Surgical resection of the infrapatellar mass confirmed the diagnosis of intracapsular and paraarticular chondroma.
Histopathological analysis verified the benign nature of the lesion.

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Implications:

This case highlights the importance of considering rare tumors in the differential diagnosis of knee stiffness in the elderly.
Complete surgical excision is the treatment of choice, leading to excellent long-term outcomes and full functional recovery.
Further research into the pathogenesis of these rare tumors may improve diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.