Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...

Non-Oral Extravascular Drug Absorption Routes

Non-Oral Extravascular Drug Absorption Routes

Non-oral extravascular routes, which encompass sublingual, buccal, topical, intramuscular, and inhalation methods, primarily utilize passive diffusion to transport drugs into the systemic circulation. The absorption rates and effectiveness of these routes depend on the drug's physicochemical properties, as well as the patient's anatomical and pathophysiological state.
Lipophilic drugs that are stable at salivary pH (6) and exhibit minimal binding to the oral mucosa are absorbed more...

Drug Delivery: Overview

Drug Delivery: Overview

The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...

Routes of Drug Administration: Parenteral

Routes of Drug Administration: Parenteral

The administration of drugs via parenteral routes allows for direct drug introduction into the systemic circulation, resulting in high bioavailability because the medication bypasses the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and hepatic metabolism.
The intravenous route (IV) of drug administration can be further categorized into two types. The bolus injection administers the entire dose rapidly, while an intravenous infusion slowly delivers smaller doses steadily.
The IV route is often...

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection, and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...

Mechanisms of Drug Absorption: Paracellular, Transcellular, and Vesicular Transport

Mechanisms of Drug Absorption: Paracellular, Transcellular, and Vesicular Transport

Drugs need to permeate cell membranes to reach their target sites after administration. Orally administered drugs must transcend intestinal epithelial membrane barriers to infiltrate the systemic circulation. Drugs with a molecular weight of less than 500 Daltons diffuse through gaps between neighboring cells, called paracellular pathways.
However, most drugs use the transcellular route, traversing directly through the cell membranes via two mechanisms: passive and active transport. Passive...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Validation of an Automated Fluorescence- and Image-Based Viable Cell Counting Method for Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Drug Products.

Biotechnology journal·2026

Same author

Targeted polymeric nanoparticles enable epithelial translocation of PROTACs and preserve intracellular protein degradation activity.

European journal of pharmaceutical sciences : official journal of the European Federation for Pharmaceutical Sciences·2026

Same author

Ischemic injury triggers a protective microglial phenotype in models of Aβ pathology.

Journal of neuroinflammation·2026

Same author

Type I interferon-activated NK cells control polycythemia vera in vivo.

Blood·2026

Same author

Dual inhibition of PP2A and WEE1 induces apoptosis and mitotic catastrophe in cancer cells.

Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie·2026

Same author

Inhibition of p300/CREBBP catalytic activity drives context-dependent transcriptional activation in AML.

Blood·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 26, 2025

Intra-lymph Node Injection of Biodegradable Polymer Particles

Intra-lymph Node Injection of Biodegradable Polymer Particles

Published on: January 2, 2014

Current Progress in Particle-Based Systems for Transdermal Vaccine Delivery.

Jonas Pielenhofer¹, Julian Sohl², Maike Windbergs³

¹Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany.

Frontiers in Immunology

|March 17, 2020

Summary

Transcutaneous immunization (TCI) offers a needle-free vaccination method by delivering antigens to skin cells. Particle-based systems show promise for TCI by enhancing immune responses and memory effects.

Keywords:

drug delivery nanoparticles needle-free vaccination particulate systems transcutaneous immunization vaccine particles

More Related Videos

Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery

Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery

Published on: September 26, 2025

Visualizing and Quantifying Pharmaceutical Compounds within Skin using Coherent Raman Scattering Imaging

Visualizing and Quantifying Pharmaceutical Compounds within Skin using Coherent Raman Scattering Imaging

Published on: November 24, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 26, 2025

Intra-lymph Node Injection of Biodegradable Polymer Particles

Intra-lymph Node Injection of Biodegradable Polymer Particles

Published on: January 2, 2014

Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery

Development, Characterization, and Evaluation of CAGE-based Ionic Liquid Systems for Transdermal Delivery

Published on: September 26, 2025

Visualizing and Quantifying Pharmaceutical Compounds within Skin using Coherent Raman Scattering Imaging

Visualizing and Quantifying Pharmaceutical Compounds within Skin using Coherent Raman Scattering Imaging

Published on: November 24, 2021

Area of Science:

Immunology
Dermatology
Nanotechnology

Background:

Conventional parenteral vaccination faces limitations.
The skin's immune cells, like Langerhans cells (LCs) and dermal dendritic cells (dDCs), are ideal targets for vaccination.
The stratum corneum (SC) presents a barrier to effective vaccine delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in particle-based systems for transcutaneous immunization (TCI).
To explore how these systems overcome the skin barrier for enhanced immune responses.
To discuss challenges and future directions in TCI.

Main Methods:

Focus on particle-based delivery systems for TCI.
Review of various SC penetration methods (electroporation, microneedles, etc.).
Discussion of nanoparticle and lipid-based systems (e.g., solid nano-emulsions).

Main Results:

Particle-based TCI systems deliver antigens and adjuvants to perifollicular antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
These systems facilitate diffusion and deposition in hair follicles for optimal APC access.
Impact on immune cells and the generation of immunological memory are discussed.

Conclusions:

Particle-based TCI is a promising needle-free vaccination strategy.
Overcoming the SC barrier is crucial for effective antigen and adjuvant delivery.
Further research is needed to optimize TCI for robust and targeted immune memory.