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Related Concept Videos

Shearing Stress01:19

Shearing Stress

1.6K
Shearing stress, denoted by the Greek letter tau (τ), is stress caused by forces acting transversely on an object. These forces create internal ones within the entity in the plane where the external forces are applied. The resultant of these internal forces is the shear in the section.
The average shearing stress can be calculated by dividing the shear by the area of the cross-section.
1.6K
Shearing Strain01:20

Shearing Strain

1.1K
The shearing strain represents a cubic element's angular change when subjected to shearing stress. This type of stress can transform a cube into an oblique parallelepiped without influencing normal strains. The cubic element experiences a significant transformation when exposed solely to shearing stress. Its shape alters from a perfect cube into a rhomboid, clearly demonstrating the effect of shearing strain. The degree of this strain is considered positive if it reduces the angle between the...
1.1K
Normal and Shear Force01:14

Normal and Shear Force

3.1K
When a beam is subjected to different loads, such as weight, pressure, or other external forces, internal forces are generated within the beam. These forces can have a significant impact on the overall stability and strength of the structure. Engineers use various methods to analyze and determine the magnitude and direction of these internal forces. One common technique used to determine internal forces in beams is the method of sections. This method involves considering an imaginary point or...
3.1K
Problem Solving on Stress and Strain01:22

Problem Solving on Stress and Strain

1.7K
Stress is a quantity that describes the magnitude of a force that causes deformation, generally defined as internal force per unit area. When forces pull on an object and cause its elongation, like the stretching of an elastic band, it is called tensile stress. When forces cause the compression of an object, it is known as compressive stress. When an object is being squeezed uniformly from all sides, like a submarine in the depths of the ocean, we call this kind of stress bulk stress (or volume...
1.7K
Shear on the Horizontal Face of a Beam Element01:16

Shear on the Horizontal Face of a Beam Element

463
To understand shear on the flat side of a prismatic beam element, consider the vertical and horizontal shearing forces, and the normal forces, acting on the element. The element's upper (U) and lower (L) sections, which are divided by the beam's neutral axis, are examined. The equilibrium of these forces is determined by applying the equilibrium equation, which helps identify the horizontal shearing force. This force is directly related to the bending moments and the cross-section's...
463
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

14.4K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
14.4K

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Updated: Dec 26, 2025

Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Metal Surfaces for Anti-Icing Applications
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Homogeneous Ice Nucleation Under Shear.

Shuang Luo1, Jun Wang2, Zhigang Li1

  • 1Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry. B
|March 18, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Shear forces in water flow impact ice nucleation rates non-linearly. The study reveals an optimal shear rate that maximizes homogeneous ice nucleation by balancing molecular diffusion and energy barriers.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Fluid Dynamics

Background:

  • Homogeneous ice nucleation is crucial in various natural and industrial processes.
  • Shear forces in fluid flow can significantly influence nucleation kinetics.
  • Understanding shear effects on water's phase transition is essential for predicting phenomena like cloud formation and material processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of shear on the homogeneous ice nucleation rate in water.
  • To elucidate the underlying mechanisms governing shear-induced changes in nucleation kinetics.
  • To determine the relationship between shear rate and ice nucleation rate.

Main Methods:

  • Molecular dynamics simulations were employed to model water behavior under shear.
  • Varying shear rates were applied to observe their impact on nucleation.
  • Analysis focused on free energy barriers and molecular diffusion coefficients.

Main Results:

  • The ice nucleation rate exhibits a non-monotonic dependence on shear rate, peaking at an intermediate value.
  • Shear was found to increase the free energy barrier for nucleation, hindering the process.
  • Conversely, shear enhances water molecule diffusion and ice nucleus growth, promoting nucleation.

Conclusions:

  • The interplay between shear-enhanced diffusion and increased nucleation barriers dictates the overall ice nucleation rate.
  • An optimal shear rate exists that maximizes homogeneous ice nucleation.
  • These findings provide critical insights into shear-driven phase transitions in water.