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Related Concept Videos

Cell Adhesion Molecules - Types and Functions01:20

Cell Adhesion Molecules - Types and Functions

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Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) are pivotal to multicellularity and the coordinated functioning of tissues and organ systems. They enable physical interactions between cells and provide mechanical strength to tissues. They also function as receptors for signal transmission across the plasma membrane. The CAMs are broadly classified into four families - integrins, cadherins, selectins, and immunoglobulin-like CAMs (IgCAMs).
CAM Families
The Integrin family of proteins is primarily  involved...
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Selectins01:25

Selectins

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Cell adhesion is  an essential aspect of multicellularity. While stable cell interactions usually occur between cells of the same type, transient cell interactions occur between cells of different tissue types, such as between neutrophils and endothelial cells. Selectins are one class of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) that bind carbohydrate ligands to form transient cell adhesion. They are rod-like proteins with a long extracellular part of variable length ending with the lectin domain,...
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Adherens Junctions01:24

Adherens Junctions

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Strong contact points between adjacent cells anchor them to each other, forming tissues. Such anchoring junctions are of two types –  adherens junctions and desmosomes. Adherens junctions are abundant in tissues such as  epithelium and endothelium, forming a continuous zone of adhesion called the adhesion belt. In other tissues, such as  heart muscle, they appear as clusters, linking the cells to produce coordinated heart muscle contraction.
Adherens Junctions are Dynamic
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Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions01:17

Intracellular Signaling Affects Focal Adhesions

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Integrins act both as extracellular input receivers and as intracellular processing activators. As their name suggests, integrins are entirely integrated into the membrane structure. Their hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions interact with the phospholipid bilayer's hydrophobic region. These membrane receptors provide extracellular attachment sites for effectors like hormones and growth factors. They activate intracellular response cascades when their effectors are bound and active.
Some...
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Immunoglobulin-like Cell Adhesion Molecules01:31

Immunoglobulin-like Cell Adhesion Molecules

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Immunoglobulin-like cell adhesion molecules or Ig-CAMs are a versatile group of cell surface glycoproteins belonging to the immunoglobulin protein superfamily. Ig-CAMs possess the characteristic immunoglobulin protein domains and other domains such as the fibronectin type III domain. The Ig domains are glycosylated to varying degrees in different Ig-CAMs.
Ig-CAMs exhibit either homophilic binding (to other Ig-CAMs) or heterophilic binding (to other ligands such as integrins). While most Ig-CAMs...
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Structure and Function of Leukocytes01:21

Structure and Function of Leukocytes

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An adult in good health typically has between 4,500 and 11,000 leukocytes, or white blood cells, per microliter of blood, which constitutes about 1% of the total blood volume. Unlike red blood cells, white blood cells contain a nucleus and other cellular organelles but do not have hemoglobin. Most white blood cells reside in connective tissues, particularly in lymphatic organs such as the lymph nodes, with only a small fraction present in circulating blood.
White blood cells protect the body...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 26, 2025

Laminar Flow-based Assays to Investigate Leukocyte Recruitment on Cultured Vascular Cells and Adherent Platelets
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Leukocyte adhesion defect: Where do we stand circa 2019?

Jhumki Das1, Avinash Sharma2, Ankur Jindal1

  • 1Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.

Genes & Diseases
|March 18, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Leukocyte Adhesion Defects (LAD) are rare primary immunodeficiencies affecting immune cell trafficking. This paper details the pathophysiology and genetic causes of four LAD classes, crucial for understanding immune system function.

Keywords:
Neutrophilic defectNeutrophilic leukocytosisPhagocyte rollingPhagocytesPrimary immunodeficiency disorders

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Assay of Adhesion Under Shear Stress for the Study of T Lymphocyte-Adhesion Molecule Interactions
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Assessing Leukocyte-endothelial Interactions Under Flow Conditions in an Ex Vivo Autoperfused Microflow Chamber Assay
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Last Updated: Dec 26, 2025

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Assay of Adhesion Under Shear Stress for the Study of T Lymphocyte-Adhesion Molecule Interactions
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Assessing Leukocyte-endothelial Interactions Under Flow Conditions in an Ex Vivo Autoperfused Microflow Chamber Assay
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Leukocyte adhesion and migration are vital for immune surveillance.
  • Defects in these processes cause primary immunodeficiency diseases known as Leukocyte Adhesion Defects (LAD).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail the pathophysiology and genetic etiology of four distinct classes of Leukocyte Adhesion Defects (LAD).

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on LAD pathophysiology and genetic causes.
  • Classification of LAD into four distinct types based on molecular defects.

Main Results:

  • LAD I: Loss of function of CD18 (β2 integrin), leading to severe bacterial infections.
  • LAD II: Defect in fucose metabolism, causing milder infections and developmental issues.
  • LAD III: Abnormal integrin activation, resulting in severe infections and bleeding tendencies.
  • LAD IV: Defects in β2 and α4β1 integrins linked to CFTR gene mutations, causing cystic fibrosis.

Conclusions:

  • LAD syndromes represent a spectrum of immune deficiencies arising from defects in leukocyte adhesion and trafficking.
  • Understanding the specific genetic and molecular basis of each LAD class is critical for diagnosis and potential therapeutic strategies.