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Related Concept Videos

What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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What is Gene Expression?01:42

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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 26, 2025

Metabolic Labeling of Newly Transcribed RNA for High Resolution Gene Expression Profiling of RNA Synthesis, Processing and Decay in Cell Culture
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The information isn't lost in gene expression.

Massimo Fioranelli1, Maria Grazia Roccia1

  • 1Department of Nuclear, Sub-nuclear and Radiation Physics, Guglielmo Marconi University, Via Plinio, 44-00193, Rome, Italy.

Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports
|March 18, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Information is not lost during gene expression, a process vital for cellular function. This study proposes a quantum information mechanism to quantify information transformation, ensuring cellular dynamics remain stable and preventing diseases like cancer.

Keywords:
DNAGene expressionInformation lossProteinRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Information Theory
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Information loss in gene expression can disrupt cellular dynamics, potentially leading to diseases such as cancer.
  • Existing methods for calculating information loss, like the Gottesman-Preskill approach for black holes, offer a basis for novel applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a quantum information-based mechanism for calculating information transformation during gene expression.
  • To investigate the possibility of information loss in the gene expression process.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing three distinct Hilbert spaces representing DNA, RNA, and protein degrees of freedom.
  • Modeling gene expression as a two-stage process using maximally entangled two-mode squeezed states.
  • Quantifying information transformation by projecting quantum states between stages.

Main Results:

  • The study demonstrates that information is not lost in gene expression across finite transcription factor concentrations, binding energies, and free energies.
  • The internal cellular state is accurately represented by entangled states of DNA-mRNA and mRNA-protein during transcription.

Conclusions:

  • Gene expression, when analyzed through a quantum information lens, does not result in information loss.
  • The proposed mechanism provides a robust framework for understanding information flow in biological systems and its implications for cellular health.