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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

14.4K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

6.8K
The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride01:26

Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride

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Radical substitution reactions can be used to remove functional groups from molecules. The hydrogenolysis of alkyl halides is one such reaction, where the weak Sn–H bond in tributyltin hydride reacts with alkyl halides to form alkanes. Here, the reagent Bu3SnH yields tributyltin halide as a byproduct.
The bonds formed in this reaction are stronger than the bonds broken, making it energetically favorable. The reaction follows a radical chain mechanism similar to radical halogenation reactions,...
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Transition Zone01:28

Transition Zone

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The transition zone in concrete is a critical area where aggregate meets cement paste, marked by a distinct porosity and weakness compared to the surrounding material. The adhesion around the aggregates is primarily due to Van Der Waals forces. The voids within this zone influence its robustness; initially, it is less durable than the surrounding bulk mortar due to larger voids. Initially, when concrete is compacted, a higher water-cement ratio near the aggregates leads to the formation of...
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High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal
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Sub-THz Raman response in BaTiO3 and link with structural phase transition.

Marc D Fontana1,2, Ninel Kokanyan1,2, Thomas H Kauffmann1,2

  • 1Université de Lorraine, CenraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|March 18, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers studied barium titanate (BaTiO3) crystals using THz Raman spectroscopy. They discovered a distinct low-frequency peak with relaxational behavior near phase transitions, offering new insights into material dynamics.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Materials science
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Barium titanate (BaTiO3) is a crucial ferroelectric material with applications in electronics.
  • Understanding its phase transitions is key to optimizing device performance.
  • Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool for probing lattice dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the terahertz (THz) and sub-THz polarized Raman response of single-domain BaTiO3.
  • To identify and characterize novel low-frequency dynamic responses near phase transitions.
  • To elucidate the nature of the observed spectral features and their relation to material phases.

Main Methods:

  • Polarized Raman spectroscopy measurements were performed on single-domain BaTiO3 crystals.
  • Measurements covered the tetragonal and cubic phases across a range of temperatures.
  • Data analysis focused on low-wavenumber spectral features and their temperature dependence.

Main Results:

  • A significant, previously unassigned peak was observed at very low wavenumbers (<700 GHz) in the tetragonal phase.
  • This peak exhibited distinct relaxational behavior, differing from the known soft phonon mode.
  • The dynamics of this peak showed critical slowing down as the phase transition was approached from both higher and lower temperatures.

Conclusions:

  • The observed low-frequency peak represents a novel dynamic response in BaTiO3, not attributable to standard phonon modes.
  • Its relaxational character and critical slowing down suggest a connection to domain wall motion or other collective phenomena near the phase transition.
  • Further investigation is warranted to fully elucidate the origin and implications of this spectral feature for ferroelectric dynamics.