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Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

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The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
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Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
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Endocarditis can present various clinical features depending on the causative organism and the patient's underlying health conditions. Initially, the clinical features of infective endocarditis develop gradually, presenting with nonspecific symptoms that can be easily mistaken for other illnesses.General SymptomsEarly symptoms of infective endocarditis are fever, chills, weakness, malaise, fatigue, and weight loss. These symptoms reflect the systemic nature of the infection and the body's...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 26, 2025

Multifocal Electroretinograms
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Hydroxychloroquine-induced erythema multiforme.

Dimitra Koumaki1, Vasiliki Koumaki2, George Bertsias3

  • 1Dermatology Department University Hospital of Heraklion Heraklion Greece.

Clinical Case Reports
|March 19, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Hydroxychloroquine can rarely cause erythema multiforme, a skin condition. Patients should be informed about this potential side effect before starting hydroxychloroquine treatment.

Keywords:
antimalarialserythema multiformehydroxychloroquinesevere cutaneous adverse drug reactions

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Hydroxychloroquine is a widely prescribed medication.
  • Cutaneous adverse drug reactions are a concern in pharmacotherapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the rare risk of erythema multiforme associated with hydroxychloroquine.
  • To emphasize the importance of patient education regarding potential side effects.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of adverse event reports.
  • Analysis of clinical data on hydroxychloroquine side effects.

Main Results:

  • Hydroxychloroquine is associated with a rare incidence of erythema multiforme.
  • Erythema multiforme presents as a potential cutaneous manifestation.

Conclusions:

  • Patient counseling on the risk of erythema multiforme is crucial before initiating hydroxychloroquine.
  • Informing patients about potential skin reactions improves medication safety and adherence.