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Related Concept Videos

Phosphorylation01:02

Phosphorylation

53.4K
The addition or removal of phosphate groups from proteins is the most common chemical modification that regulates cellular processes. These modifications can affect the structure, activity, stability, and localization of proteins within cells as well as their interactions with other proteins.
During phosphorylation, protein kinases transfer the terminal phosphate group of ATP to specific amino acid side chains of substrate proteins. Serine, threonine, and tyrosine are the most commonly...
53.4K
Protein Kinases and Phosphatases02:54

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

14.7K
Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, glycosylation, nitrosylation, ubiquitination, lipidation, methylation, and proteolysis are various protein modifications that regulate protein activity. Such modifications are usually enzyme-driven.
Protein kinases
Many proteins in the cell are regulated by phosphorylation, the addition of a phosphate group. A family of enzymes called kinases...
14.7K
Protein Kinases and Phosphatases02:54

Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

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4.2K
Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade

16.8K
When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze...
16.8K
DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle02:36

DNA Damage can Stall the Cell Cycle

9.9K
In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
9.9K
DNA Damage Can Stall the Cell Cycle02:36

DNA Damage Can Stall the Cell Cycle

3.0K
In response to DNA damage, cells can pause the cell cycle to assess and repair the breaks. However, the cell must check the DNA at certain critical stages during the cell cycle. If the cell cycle pauses before DNA replication, the cells will contain twice the amount of DNA. On the other hand, if cells arrest after DNA replication but before mitosis, they will contain four times the normal amount of DNA. With a host of specialized proteins at their disposal,cells must use the right protein at...
3.0K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 26, 2025

Monitoring Kinase and Phosphatase Activities Through the Cell Cycle by Ratiometric FRET
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Monitoring Kinase and Phosphatase Activities Through the Cell Cycle by Ratiometric FRET

Published on: January 27, 2012

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Phosphorylation: A Fast Switch For Checkpoint Signaling.

Yiting Wang1, Ping Wang2, Jie Xu3

  • 1School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|March 19, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Phosphorylation critically regulates immune checkpoints, impacting tumor immunity. This review details how protein phosphorylation modulates immune cell signaling pathways, particularly for PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4.

Keywords:
Cancer immunityPTMPhosphorylationTyrosine kinase

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Checkpoint signaling is crucial for regulating immune responses.
  • Phosphorylation is a key post-translational modification influencing protein function.
  • Immune checkpoints, like PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4, are vital in tumor immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the role of phosphorylation in immune checkpoint regulation.
  • To highlight the impact of phosphorylation on tumor immunity.
  • To provide a systematic overview of phosphorylation-modulated immune signaling.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on phosphorylation and immune checkpoints.
  • Analysis of signaling pathways involved in checkpoint regulation.
  • Integration of information on well-explored and less-explored checkpoints.

Main Results:

  • Phosphorylation significantly affects immune cell activities, including proliferation, metabolism, and differentiation.
  • Specific phosphorylation events modulate the function of immune checkpoints such as PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4.
  • Common signaling pathways are involved in the regulation of various checkpoints.

Conclusions:

  • Phosphorylation is a critical regulator of immune checkpoint signaling, especially in the context of tumor immunity.
  • Understanding these phosphorylation events offers insights into immune modulation strategies.
  • This review provides a comprehensive view of phosphorylation's role in immune signaling.