Focal cemento-osseous dysplasia: A case report with a review of literature

Cemento-osseous dysplasia (COD) is the most prevalent lesion and presents as an asymptomatic, mixed radiolucent/radiopaque lesion in the tooth-bearing region of the jawbones. Histological features of COD include a cellular connective tissue stroma interspersed by the islands of woven or lamellar bone and cementum-like calcifications. Radiographically, the early COD lesions appear radiolucent, whereas in the mature lesions, radiopacities are observed surrounded by a thin rim of radiolucency. Early lesions tend to get misdiagnosed as their radiographic appearance mimics periapical cyst or granuloma. In the mixed radiolucent-radiopaque stage, the lesion could be confused with chronic sclerosing osteomyelitis, cemento-ossifying fibroma, odontoma and osteoblastoma. A correct diagnosis is of utmost importance as most of the CODs are self-limiting and nonneoplastic and do not require surgical intervention. However, periodic follow-up is recommended because occasional cases of focal COD are known to progress into florid COD. Here, we present the case of focal COD in a 27-year-old male patient.