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Updated: Jul 27, 2026

Urinary Tract Infection in a Small Animal Model: Transurethral Catheterization of Male and Female Mice
Published on: December 1, 2017
[Immune system disorders in acute pyelonephritis. II art]
M N Shatokhin1,2,3, A I Konoply1,2,3, I M Kholimenko1,2,3
1Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Further Professional Education of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Urological Center of the Scientific Clinical Center of Russian Railways, Moscow, Russia.
Abstract:
New information about typical changes in the immune status at both local and systemic level in various forms of acute pyelonephritis is provided in the second part of the review. The literature review and analysis of current national and foreign literature dedicated to immune disorders in various forms of acute pyelonephritis has been performed. The degree and nature of changes in systemic and local immunological parameters in nonobstructive and obstructive, serous and purulent forms are highlighted in details. In particular, it has been established that in patients with obstructive and purulent pyelonephritis, there are more pronounced changes in the serum and urine level of cytokines and complement factors in comparison with serous and non-obstructive pyelonephritis. Recommendations are given on monitoring of the immunological status in patients with various forms of acute pyelonephritis in order to optimize treatment approaches. In addition, the rationales for effective pathogenetic, including specific, immunotherapy drugs for various forms of pyelonephritis are presented.
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