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Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.
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The quantity that describes the deformation of a body under stress is known as strain. Strain is given as a fractional change in either length, volume, or geometry under tensile, volume (also known as bulk), or shear stress, respectively, and is a dimensionless quantity. The strain experienced by a body under tensile or compressive stress is called tensile or compressive strain, respectively. In contrast, the strain experienced under bulk stress and shear stress is known as volume and shear...
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Fragility Assessment of Bovine Cortical Bone Using Scratch Tests
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Characterizing Strain Rate-Dependent Mechanical Properties for Bovine Cortical Bones.

Jianyin Lei1, Lintao Li2, Zhihua Wang2

  • 1Institute of Applied Mechanics, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; Shanxi Key Laboratory of Material Strength and Structural Impact, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Daytona Beach, FL 32114.

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering
|March 20, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Understanding bone fracture requires knowing strain rate-dependent viscoelastic properties. This study provides crucial high strain rate data for bovine cortical bone, aiding biomechanical model development.

Keywords:
constitutive modelcortical bonesplit Hopkinson pressure barstrain rate effect

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Materials Science
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Bone fracture mechanisms under impact loading are not fully understood.
  • Limited high strain rate data and constitutive model parameters exist for bone viscoelasticity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the strain rate-dependent viscoelastic properties of bovine cortical bone.
  • To develop a constitutive model for describing nonlinear strain rate dependence in bone.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the split Hopkinson pressure bar technique to test bovine cortical bone.
  • Obtained rate-dependent stress-strain curves along and perpendicular to bone fibers.
  • Applied a two-term constitutive relationship to identify material constants.

Main Results:

  • Characterized the strain rate-dependent mechanical behavior of bovine cortical bone.
  • Developed a constitutive model combining linear elasticity and nonlinear viscoelasticity.
  • Provided experimental data for simulating bone fracture.

Conclusions:

  • The study offers essential experimental data on bone viscoelasticity under high strain rates.
  • The developed constitutive model accurately describes nonlinear strain rate dependence.
  • Findings support the advancement of numerical biomechanical models for human cortical bone fracture simulation.