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Design Fluency in Children with ADHD and Comorbid Disorders.

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Children with ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) showed more repeated designs, while those with ADHD and anxiety disorders (AD) had fewer correct designs on a cognitive test. These findings highlight the additive impact of comorbidities on attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) cognitive profiles.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Child Psychology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is linked to executive function deficits in children.
  • Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and anxiety disorders (AD) frequently co-occur with ADHD, but their cognitive impact is unclear.
  • The five-point test (FPT), a design fluency task, detects frontal lobe impairments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare cognitive performance on the FPT between neurotypical children and those with ADHD, ADHD-ODD, and ADHD-AD.
  • To determine if the FPT can differentiate between these groups based on cognitive profiles.

Main Methods:

  • 111 children aged 8-11 years participated.
  • Performance was assessed using six measures from the FPT.

Main Results:

  • Significant differences were found in five of six FPT measures.
  • Children with ADHD-ODD exhibited more repeated designs than other groups (p < 0.008).
  • Children with ADHD-AD produced fewer total and correct designs than control and ADHD groups (p = 0.009).

Conclusions:

  • Comorbidities appear to have an additive effect on the cognitive profiles of children with ADHD.
  • Design fluency (FPT) is a sensitive indicator of subtle cognitive deficits in these pediatric populations.