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Related Concept Videos

Carbonation Shrinkage01:24

Carbonation Shrinkage

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Atmospheric CO2 penetrates the concrete's pores and, in the presence of moisture, forms carbonic acid, which then reacts with calcium hydroxide in the hydrated cement, forming calcium carbonate. This process reduces the concrete's volume and is termed carbonation shrinkage.
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Carbonation is a process used to dissolve carbon dioxide gas in a liquid, commonly used in the production of carbonated beverages. Achieving efficient carbonation requires careful control of temperature, pressure, and flow conditions. By adjusting these parameters, carbonation efficiency can be maximized, producing a higher concentration of CO2 in the liquid.
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Sampling is a technique to select a portion (or subset) of the larger population and study that portion (the sample) to gain information about the population. Data are the result of sampling from a population. The sampling method ensures that samples are drawn without bias and accurately represent the population.
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The human body carefully regulates the internal pH of different organs to maintain homeostasis. For example, while the blood plasma maintains a neutral pH of 7, the stomach lumen has an acidic pH of 1.5 - 3.5. The low pH of stomach lumen helps kill pathogens in the food and break down complex food molecules.
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Acid-base homeostasis is essential for maintaining normal physiological activities in humans. The pH of various body fluids is strictly regulated because it is critical for the optimal activity of enzymes involved in metabolic reactions. Enzymes are basically proteins, so, any significant change in pH can affect their structure and activity. In humans, pH is regulated using three primary mechanisms— chemical buffer systems, respiratory regulation, and renal regulation.
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Updated: Dec 25, 2025

Fizzy Extraction of Volatile Organic Compounds Combined with Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry
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Carbonating the household diet: a Pakistani tale.

Biplab K Datta1, Muhammad Jami Husain1

  • 1Global Noncommunicable Diseases Branch, Division of Global Health Protection, Center for Global Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.

Public Health Nutrition
|March 21, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Carbonated beverage consumption is rising across all socioeconomic groups in Pakistan, with wealthier households consuming more. Poorer households now bear a larger expenditure share, highlighting public health concerns.

Keywords:
Carbonated beveragesExpenditure elasticityPakistanSoft drinks

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health Nutrition
  • Health Economics
  • Socioeconomic Determinants of Health

Background:

  • Carbonated beverage consumption is linked to obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD).
  • Pakistan faces a high burden of these non-communicable diseases.
  • The carbonated beverage industry is experiencing rapid growth in Pakistan.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze trends in carbonated beverage consumption in Pakistan.
  • To identify socioeconomic factors associated with carbonated beverage consumption.
  • To assess the expenditure burden of carbonated beverages across different economic strata.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized six waves of cross-sectional household survey data (2005-2016).
  • Examined consumption prevalence by per capita household consumption quintiles.
  • Estimated expenditure elasticities and constructed concentration curves for expenditure share.

Main Results:

  • Consumption prevalence increased over time for all economic groups.
  • Wealthier households exhibit higher consumption prevalence.
  • Carbonated beverages are increasingly essential for wealthier households; poorer households bear a larger expenditure share.

Conclusions:

  • Carbonated beverages are becoming integral to household food consumption in Pakistan.
  • Rising consumption, particularly among wealthier groups, and increased burden on poorer households warrant public health attention.
  • Consideration of public health strategies to mitigate disease burden associated with sugar intake is recommended.