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Updated: Dec 25, 2025

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Drowsiness and distraction while driving: A study based on smartphone app data.

Sónia Soares1, Sara Ferreira1, António Couto1

  • 1Faculty of Engineering of the University of Porto, Research Centre for Territory, Transports and Environment, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.

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Summary

Continuous driving increases inattention risk, with distraction more probable than drowsiness. Frequent short breaks are recommended for all drivers to enhance road safety.

Keywords:
AlertsDistractionDrowsinessRiskSmartphone app

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Area of Science:

  • Road safety research
  • Human-computer interaction
  • Transportation safety

Background:

  • Driver drowsiness and distraction significantly impact road safety.
  • Traditional studies often use driving simulators or naturalistic driving conditions.
  • Emerging mobile technologies offer novel avenues for data collection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate driver drowsiness and distraction using retrospective data from a smartphone application.
  • To identify key factors contributing to inattention events during driving.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized retrospective data from a driver monitoring app, encompassing 273 drivers and 634 sub-journeys.
  • Employed binary logit models to analyze the probability of drowsiness and distraction events.
  • Included variables such as continuous driving time, journey duration, break frequency/duration, driver demographics (gender, age), and first sub-journey characteristics.

Main Results:

  • Continuous driving without breaks is the primary risk factor for inattention.
  • Distraction events are more probable than drowsiness events.
  • Increased driving time and breaks positively correlate with drowsiness probability more than distraction.
  • Elderly drivers exhibit a higher propensity for drowsiness.

Conclusions:

  • Smartphone app data provide valuable insights into driver drowsiness and distraction patterns.
  • Frequent, even short, stops during journeys are crucial for mitigating risks of drowsiness and distraction.