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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

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Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
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Nuclear Binding Energy

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The difference between the calculated and experimentally measured masses is known as the mass defect of the atom. In the case of helium-4, the mass defect indicates a “loss” in mass of 4.0331 amu – 4.0026 amu = 0.0305 amu. The loss in mass accompanying the formation of an atom from protons, neutrons, and electrons is due to the conversion of that mass into energy that is evolved as the atom forms. The nuclear binding energy is the energy produced when the atoms’ nucleons are bound...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

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NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
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Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
To hold positively charged protons together...
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Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin01:08

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin

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All atomic particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum, or 'spin'. Electrons, protons, and neutrons each have a spin value of ½, although protons and neutrons in nuclei may have higher half-integer spins owing to energetic factors.
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Nuclear Overhauser Enhancement (NOE)01:06

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Irradiation of a spin-active nucleus causes an increase or decrease in the signal intensity of neighboring nuclei that are not necessarily chemically bonded or involved in J-coupling. This phenomenon, called the nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE), results from through-space interactions between the nuclear spins. The NOE effect decreases with increasing internuclear distance and is generally not observed beyond 4 angstroms. In NOE, dipole-dipole interactions between neighboring spin-active...
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Study of Protein Dynamics via Neutron Spin Echo Spectroscopy
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Neutron Valence Structure from Nuclear Deep Inelastic Scattering.

E P Segarra1, A Schmidt1,2, T Kutz1,2

  • 1Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|March 24, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study extracts the neutron structure function from deep inelastic scattering data, revealing a constant neutron-to-proton ratio at high momentum transfer. This finding challenges scalar diquark models in quantum chromodynamics (QCD).

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Physics
  • Particle Physics
  • Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD)

Background:

  • Spin-flavor SU(6) symmetry breaking in QCD is not fully understood.
  • The EMC effect describes modifications to nucleon structure functions within nuclei.
  • Short-range correlated (SRC) pairs are hypothesized to universally modify nucleons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To extract the free neutron structure function.
  • To investigate spin-flavor symmetry breaking mechanisms.
  • To analyze the EMC effect using SRC pair framework.

Main Methods:

  • Global analysis of deep inelastic scattering (DIS) data on protons and various nuclei (A=2 to 208).
  • Consistent accounting for the EMC effect via universal nucleon modification in SRC pairs.
  • Extraction of the neutron-to-proton structure function ratio, F_{2}^{n}/F_{2}^{p}.

Main Results:

  • The ratio F_{2}^{n}/F_{2}^{p} approaches a constant value of 0.47±0.04 as x_{B}→1.
  • This result aligns with perturbative QCD and Dyson-Schwinger equation predictions.
  • The findings contradict predictions from the scalar diquark dominance model.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides crucial insights into spin-flavor symmetry breaking in QCD.
  • The results support the SRC pair model for explaining nuclear modifications of nucleon structure functions.
  • Predictions are made for the MARATHON Collaboration's measurement of F_{2}^{3He}/F_{2}^{3H}.