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Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Valence Bond Theory

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Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
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Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
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Coupled Sublattice Melting and Charge-Order Transition in Two Dimensions.

T S Smith1, F Ming2, D G Trabada3

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|March 24, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study reveals a novel two-step melting process in a 2D K-Sn alloy. The research offers insights into the complex atomistic mechanisms governing phase transitions in two-dimensional materials.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Two-dimensional (2D) melting is a complex phase transition.
  • Theoretical models predict a two-step melting via topological defect unbinding.
  • Understanding 2D melting mechanisms is crucial for novel material applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the melting transition of a charge-ordered K-Sn alloy monolayer on a silicon substrate.
  • Elucidate the atomistic processes and distinct stages of the melting transition.
  • Provide experimental and theoretical insights into 2D materials' phase behavior.

Main Methods:

  • Combined experimental and theoretical analysis.
  • Observation of K sublattice positional fluctuations and diffusion.
  • Characterization of Sn host lattice charge order collapse.

Main Results:

  • A novel, multistep melting transition was observed in the 2D K-Sn alloy.
  • Melting initiated with short-range K sublattice fluctuations, followed by domain diffusion.
  • The Sn host lattice charge order exhibited a multistep collapse with displacive and order-disorder characteristics.

Conclusions:

  • The study presents a rare, detailed view of a multistep melting transition in a 2D system.
  • Findings challenge and refine existing theoretical models of 2D phase transitions.
  • This work advances the understanding of phase transitions in low-dimensional materials.