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Amnesia01:13

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Amnesia is a condition marked by long-term memory loss, which impairs the ability to recall past events or create new memories.
The severity and duration of memory loss vary depending on the type and underlying cause. Amnesia is classified into two main types: retrograde and anterograde.
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Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
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Dissociative amnesia is a complex psychological condition that manifests as an inability to recall personal information, often tied to traumatic or stressful events. Unlike general amnesia, individuals with this condition retain the ability to perform routine activities and procedural tasks, such as operating a phone or navigating public transportation, yet experience profound gaps in autobiographical memory. These lapses may encompass significant life events, such as suicide attempts or...
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Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

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Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...
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Dementia is a collective term for cognitive disorders primarily affecting memory, thinking, and reasoning. It is not a specific disease but a syndrome, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common cause, accounting for approximately 60-80% of cases. Other types include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia affects millions worldwide, particularly older adults, though it is not a normal part of aging.
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Cognitive enhancers, also known as "smart drugs," are substances used to enhance memory, mental alertness, and concentration. These can be natural or synthetic and improve cognition in conditions like Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative diseases. Some common examples include caffeine, amphetamines, methylphenidate, modafinil, arecoline, donepezil, vortioxetine, and piracetam. These enhancers work on the principle of synaptic plasticity and altered circuit function.
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Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
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Acute amnestic syndromes.

Lucas Alessandro1, Mario Ricciardi1, Hernán Chaves2

  • 1Department of Neurology, Raúl Carrea Institute for Neurological Research (FLENI), Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Journal of the Neurological Sciences
|March 24, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Acute amnestic syndromes, often rare and challenging to diagnose, involve memory circuit alterations. This review covers transient global amnesia (TGA), transient epileptic amnesia (TEA), and other causes, aiding diagnosis and management.

Keywords:
AmnesiaAutoimmune encephalitisDissociative amnesiaStrokeTransient epileptic amnesiaTransient global amnesiaWernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Neuroscience
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Acute amnestic syndromes are uncommon emergency events with diverse and challenging etiologies.
  • These syndromes can range from transient and reversible to causing severe, irreversible brain damage.
  • Pathophysiology involves structural or functional changes in memory circuits, particularly the hippocampus.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review clinical findings, diagnostic tests, and management strategies for acute amnestic syndromes.
  • To discuss the anatomical and pathophysiological underpinnings of these memory disorders.
  • To differentiate between various causes, including neurological, psychiatric, and toxicological.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of acute amnestic syndromes.
  • Summary of clinical presentations and diagnostic approaches.
  • Discussion of differential diagnoses and treatment options.

Main Results:

  • Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) and Transient Epileptic Amnesia (TEA) are key forms of acute amnesia.
  • Differential diagnoses include stroke, psychiatric disorders, TBI, autoimmune encephalitis, and toxic-metabolic issues.
  • Accurate diagnosis relies on clinical evaluation and ancillary tests.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of acute amnestic syndromes requires a thorough understanding of their diverse causes and underlying pathophysiology.
  • Distinguishing between TGA, TEA, and other etiologies is crucial for appropriate patient care.
  • This review provides a framework for diagnosis and treatment of acute memory loss events.