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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Erythropoiesis01:24

Factors Affecting Erythropoiesis

5.2K
The cardiovascular system regulates the number of erythrocytes in the bloodstream to ensure optimal oxygen transport. It also prevents over-proliferation of these cells, which helps to maintain blood viscosity and flow rate.
Several factors influence the erythrocyte production rate, with tissue oxygen level being among the most critical. Intense exercise or high altitudes can cause tissue hypoxia, which triggers the kidneys to release more erythropoietin (EPO) into the bloodstream.
EPO then...
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Erythropoiesis01:14

Erythropoiesis

5.5K
Red blood cells  (RBCs) transport oxygen to all body tissues. These cells survive only for 120 days and then need to be replenished. Erythropoiesis is the process of RBC production. In healthy individuals, erythropoiesis ensures all tissues are amply supplied with oxygen. In addition, blood loss due to injury leads to a drop in the physiological oxygen level that will cause erythropoiesis. Any defect in erythropoiesis leads to several physiological disorders, including thalassemia, anemia,...
5.5K
Role of Hematopoietic Growth Factors01:28

Role of Hematopoietic Growth Factors

3.0K
Hematopoietic growth factors are molecules that regulate the differentiation rate of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Erythropoietin (EPO), primarily produced by the kidneys, plays a crucial role in erythrocyte production. When oxygen levels in the blood are low, EPO is released into the bloodstream, reaching the bone marrow, where it stimulates HSCs to differentiate and mature into erythrocytes, which are vital for oxygen transport.
Thrombopoietin (TPO), mainly released by the liver,...
3.0K
Disorders of Erythrocytes01:27

Disorders of Erythrocytes

2.0K
Disorders of erythrocytes, or red blood cells (RBCs), include a range of conditions affecting their number, shape, or function.
Erythrocyte disorders can be broadly categorized into two main types: anemic and polycythemic conditions.
A low oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood due to the loss, lower production, or destruction of erythrocytes is termed anemia. Hemorrhagic anemia, for example, occurs when bleeding from an external wound or internal ulcer reduces erythrocyte counts.
On the other...
2.0K
Dose-Response Relationship: Potency and Efficacy01:22

Dose-Response Relationship: Potency and Efficacy

6.2K
The potency of a drug is the measure of its ability to produce a biological response and can be compared by looking at the half-maximum effective concentration or EC50 values of different drugs. A lower EC50 value indicates higher potency of the drug. In the dose–response curve of two antihypertensive drugs, candesartan and irbesartan, a significant difference is observed in their EC50 values. A lower EC50 value for candesartan indicates that it is more potent than irbesartan, as it...
6.2K
Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:01

Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

3.8K
All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
3.8K

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Related Experiment Video

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Author Spotlight: Advancing Erythropoiesis Research - A Simplified Pipeline for Assessing Hematopoietic Stem Cell Function in Myelodysplastic Syndromes
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Are all erythropoiesis-stimulating agents created equal?

Francesco Locatelli1, Lucia Del Vecchio2, Luca De Nicola3

  • 1Past Director of the Department of Nephrology and Dialysis, Alessandro Manzoni Hospital, ASST Lecco, Lecco, Italy.

Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation : Official Publication of the European Dialysis and Transplant Association - European Renal Association
|March 25, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) effectively raise hemoglobin but high doses risk adverse events. New oral prolyl-hydroxylase domain (PHD) inhibitors offer a different approach with potentially improved safety and efficacy profiles.

Keywords:
PHD inhibitorsanaemiachronic kidney diseaseerythropoiesis-stimulating agentshypoxia-inducible factormortality

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Lentiviral-mediated Knockdown During Ex Vivo Erythropoiesis of Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells
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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Nephrology
  • Cardiology

Background:

  • Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) manage hemoglobin (Hb) but high-dose risks include cardiovascular events, mortality, and cancer.
  • Existing ESAs share a mechanism but differ in pharmacokinetics/dynamics, potentially affecting outcomes.
  • Conflicting data exists on comparative risks of different ESAs, with randomized trials offering higher evidence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the differential efficacy and safety profiles of various erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs).
  • To compare the mortality and morbidity risks associated with different types of ESAs.
  • To explore the potential of novel prolyl-hydroxylase domain (PHD) inhibitors as an alternative therapeutic strategy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing observational studies and randomized clinical trials on ESA efficacy and safety.
  • Analysis of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic differences among various ESA molecules.
  • Examination of the distinct mechanism of action and therapeutic potential of PHD inhibitors.

Main Results:

  • High Hb targets with ESAs are linked to increased cardiovascular risks and mortality.
  • Randomized trials suggest potential differences in safety/efficacy among ESAs, though further evaluation is needed.
  • PHD inhibitors represent a new class with multiple actions, potentially benefiting inflamed patients with iron deficiency.

Conclusions:

  • The choice of ESA may influence patient outcomes, necessitating careful consideration of individual profiles.
  • PHD inhibitors offer a novel therapeutic avenue with a distinct mechanism, potentially overcoming limitations of current ESAs.
  • Further research is crucial to elucidate the comparative efficacy and safety of different ESAs and PHD inhibitors across diverse patient populations.