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Related Concept Videos

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

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Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
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External Anatomy of the Kidney01:21

External Anatomy of the Kidney

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The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs in the human body that play a critical role in maintaining overall health. They filter out waste products from the blood, regulate blood pressure, maintain electrolyte balance, and stimulate the production of red blood cells.
The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space on either side of the vertebral column, protected posteriorly by the 11th and 12th ribs. The right kidney sits slightly lower than the left owing to the presence of the liver...
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Internal Anatomy of the Kidney01:12

Internal Anatomy of the Kidney

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The kidneys are essential organs in the human body, performing a myriad of tasks that maintain homeostasis and overall health.
Anatomical Position and Dimensions
The kidneys are retroperitoneal organs positioned against the posterior abdominal wall on either side of the spine, roughly between the twelfth thoracic and third lumbar vertebrae. Each kidney is typically 10-12 cm long, 5-6 cm wide, and 3-4 cm thick, weighing about 150 grams.
Renal Cortex
The outermost region of the kidney is the...
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Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation01:26

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation

616
The nursing assessment of the genitourinary (GU) system involves a systematic inspection and palpation to identify abnormalities in the kidneys, bladder, and surrounding structures.InspectionMouth: Inspect for signs of kidney dysfunction, such as stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth) and ammonia breath, which may occur in advanced kidney disease due to the buildup of urea, breaking down into ammonia.Skin: Check for pallor, which could indicate anemia caused by kidney disease. Look for...
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Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

141
The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
141
Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

340
Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...
340

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Updated: Dec 25, 2025

In Vivo, Percutaneous, Needle Based, Optical Coherence Tomography of Renal Masses
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In Vivo, Percutaneous, Needle Based, Optical Coherence Tomography of Renal Masses

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Are small renal masses all the same?

Yu Guang Tan1, Mohamad Farhan Bin Khalid2, Andre Villanueva2

  • 1Department of Urology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.

International Journal of Urology : Official Journal of the Japanese Urological Association
|March 25, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Predicting metastasis in small renal masses is possible using clinical factors. Tumor size >3cm, symptoms, age >65, and ipsilateral tumors predict metastasis, aiding early detection.

Keywords:
kidney cancermetastasisrecurrencerenal cell carcinomasmall renal mass

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A Syngeneic Mouse Model of Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma for Quantitative and Longitudinal Assessment of Preclinical Therapies
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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Oncology
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Small renal masses (SRMs) are common incidental findings.
  • Predicting metastatic potential of SRMs is crucial for treatment planning.
  • Current prediction methods for SRMs require improvement.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify clinical variables predicting synchronous metastasis in patients with SRMs.
  • To develop predictive models for metastasis and recurrence in SRMs.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 565 patients with SRMs (≤4 cm) over 16 years.
  • Analysis of variables associated with synchronous metastasis and relapse using logistic regression.
  • Development of two weighted predictive models for metastasis and recurrence.

Main Results:

  • 16 patients (2.7%) presented with synchronous metastasis.
  • Tumor size >3 cm, symptomatic cancer, age >65 years, and ipsilateral synchronous tumors independently predicted metastasis (M1 renal cell carcinoma).
  • Higher Fuhrman grade and lymphovascular invasion predicted recurrence.

Conclusions:

  • Clinical variables effectively identify the metastatic potential of SRMs.
  • Two proposed predictive models can aid clinical decision-making for SRMs.