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Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)

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Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
The extent of coupling depends on the C‑C bond length, the two H‑C‑C angles, any electron-withdrawing substituents, and the dihedral angle between the involved orbitals. The...
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Three identical single-phase transformers can be configured to form a three-phase transformer connection, which involves high-voltage and low-voltage windings. The high-voltage windings are denoted by capital letters A-B-C, while the low-voltage windings are labeled with lowercase letters a-b-c, representing their respective phases. This notation helps distinguish between the high and low voltage sides of the transformer.
In the per-unit equivalent circuit of a grounded Y-Y three-phase...
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Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview01:08

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...
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Generation of Three-Phase Voltage01:21

Generation of Three-Phase Voltage

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A three-phase AC generator has a rotor with a rotating magnet placed within the stator mounted with the stationary three-phase winding to generate three-phase voltages via mutual induction. These windings are evenly distributed around the inner circumference of the stator and are arranged 120 electrical degrees apart. Three-phase stator windings consist of three separate coils or groups of coils, known as phases, each connected in Y (star) configuration or Delta configuration.
As the rotor...
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Bipolar Junction Transistor01:22

Bipolar Junction Transistor

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Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) are essential elements in electronic circuits, playing a crucial role in the functionality of amplifiers, memories, and microprocessors. These transistors can be designed as NPN or PNP based on their doping patterns. They consist of three layers: the emitter, base, and collector. The configuration of these layers and their respective doping levels—with N-type or P-type impurities—define the transistor's type and its operational...
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Three-Phase Circuits01:22

Three-Phase Circuits

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AC power distribution systems have three categories: single-phase, two-phase, and three-phase systems. The single-phase circuit, common in residential settings, typically employs a two-wire system connecting a single AC source to various loads. These circuits support standard household appliances operating at 120 volts (V) and 240 V, such as lamps, televisions, and microwaves. The first generators, Niagara Falls hydro plant installed in 1895, were two-phase and designed by Nikola Tesla. The...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 25, 2025

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform
05:39

Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform

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Three-terminal spin/charge current router.

Jia-En Yang1, Xiao-Long Lü1, Hang Xie1

  • 1Department of Physics, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China.

Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter : an Institute of Physics Journal
|March 26, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed novel spin and charge current routers using silicene nanoribbons. These devices leverage topological edge states to control and separate spin-polarized currents, paving the way for advanced spintronic applications.

Keywords:
band structuresedge statequantum spin Hall effectsilicene nanoribbonstopological insulators

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Materials Science
  • Quantum Electronics

Background:

  • Topological insulators offer unique properties for electronic and spintronic devices due to protected edge states.
  • Silicene nanoribbons (SiNRs) are promising materials for next-generation electronics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and investigate novel spin and charge current routers based on silicene-like nanoribbons (SiNRs).
  • To demonstrate the control and separation of spin-polarized currents using topological edge states.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the tight-binding model and non-equilibrium Green's function theory.
  • Investigated three types of routers: spin current shunter, spin filter, and charge current switcher.
  • Employed the Landauer-Büttiker formula for current-voltage characteristics.

Main Results:

  • Successfully designed routers that separate spin-up and spin-down currents, filter spin-polarized electrons, and switch charge currents.
  • Demonstrated that small Rashba spin-orbit coupling does not degrade filtering properties.
  • Analyzed local current distribution and transmittance reciprocity relations.

Conclusions:

  • Proposed spin/charge current routers based on zigzag SiNRs exhibit controllable current routing capabilities.
  • These devices show potential for future spintronic designs requiring precise current separation and switching.
  • The helical edge states of ZSiNRs are crucial for the functionality of these routers.