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[The correlation between blood pressure response to cold pressor test and long-term blood pressure changes]
1Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China.
Insights
The cold pressor test (CPT) can predict long-term hypertension. A strong systolic blood pressure response during CPT indicates a higher risk of developing hypertension over 8 years.
Area of Science:
- Cardiovascular Medicine
- Hypertension Research
- Predictive Diagnostics
Background:
- The cold pressor test (CPT) is a physiological stressor used to assess autonomic cardiovascular regulation.
- Long-term prediction of hypertension remains a challenge, necessitating reliable early diagnostic markers.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the 8-year correlation between blood pressure response during CPT and follow-up blood pressure.
- To evaluate the predictive value of CPT for long-term blood pressure levels and hypertension development.
Main Methods:
- A cohort of 365 individuals was recruited using stratified cluster sampling.
- Baseline characteristics and CPT responses (systolic/diastolic changes and AUC) were recorded.
- Participants were followed up for 8 years, with blood pressure and hypertension prevalence assessed.
Main Results:
- Systolic blood pressure response (maximal change and AUC) to CPT significantly predicted the prevalence of hypertension 8 years later.
- Individuals with higher systolic responses showed a markedly increased prevalence of hypertension.
- Age, BMI, and fasting blood glucose were identified as independent risk factors for long-term blood pressure elevation.
Conclusions:
- Individual systolic blood pressure response to the cold pressor test serves as a valuable predictor of long-term hypertension.
- CPT offers a potential non-invasive tool for identifying individuals at risk for future hypertension.
- Further research can explore integrating CPT into routine cardiovascular risk assessments.
Abstract:
Objective: The aim of the study was to investigate the correlation between blood pressure response to cold pressor test (CPT) and follow-up blood pressure after 8 years in subjects, and to evaluate the predictive value of CPT for long-term blood pressure levels. Methods: A total of 365 individuals from eight natural villages were enrolled by stratified cluster sampling from Mei County, Shaanxi Province in 2004. Baseline characteristics of subjects were collected and CPTs were conducted. Subjects were followed up in 2009 and 2012, respectively. According to the maximal change of systolic response (SR), the area under the curve (AUC) of systolic blood pressure change (AUC-SBP), the maximal change of diastolic response (DR) and the AUC of diastolic blood pressure change (AUC-DBP) in CPT, the individuals were divided into four quartile groups by above parameters, respectively: group Ⅰ (P(25)), group Ⅱ (P(50)), group Ⅲ (P(75)) and group Ⅳ (P(100)). The correlation between blood pressure response to CPT and the follow-up blood pressure was analyzed. Results: (1) There were no significant differences in baseline blood pressure levels and prevalence of hypertension among four quartile groups no matter it was grouped on SR, DR, AUC-SBP or AUC-DBP. (2) The prevalence of hypertension in each group from lowest (P(25)) to highest (P(100)) in 2012 was 25.64%, 30.67%, 38.03%, 55.74% on SR grouping (P<0.01), and 27.5%, 29.17%, 38.46%, 57.35% on AUC-SBP grouping (P<0.05), respectively. (3) There were no significant differences in the prevalence of hypertension among four groups in 2012 (P>0.05) either on DR or on AUC-DBP grouping. (4) The random effects model analysis showed that the correlation coefficient between SR, AUC-SBP and long-term systolic blood pressure increase were 1.91 (P<0.05) and 1.44 (P<0.05), respectively, and the correlation coefficient between DR, AUC-DBP and long-term diastolic blood pressure increase were 0.82 (P<0.05) and 0.78 (P>0.05), respectively. Age, male, body mass index, and fasting blood glucose were independent risk factors for long-term blood pressure elevation, and age, body mass index and fasting blood glucose positively correlated with changes in long-term blood pressure (all P<0.05). Conclusion: Individual systolic blood pressure response to CPT can be used as a predictor of long-term hypertension.
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