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RNA Structure01:19

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The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
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The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
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The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
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Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
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G-quadruplexes in mRNA: A key structure for biological function.

Takuto Kamura1, Yousuke Katsuda1, Yusuke Kitamura1

  • 1Division of Materials Science and Chemistry, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan.

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
|March 27, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This review highlights new computational and biochemical methods for locating stable RNA G-quadruplex structures in messenger RNA (mRNA). Understanding these structures is key to deciphering their roles in gene regulation and cellular processes.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Higher-order RNA structures, including stem-loops and pseudoknots, regulate gene expression.
  • RNA G-quadruplexes are highly stable, noncanonical structures formed in guanine-rich mRNA regions.
  • The biological significance of RNA G-quadruplexes is largely unknown due to challenges in their localization within mRNA.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review emerging computational and biochemical methods for locating RNA G-quadruplexes in mRNA.
  • To summarize recent findings on the biological functions of RNA G-quadruplexes.
  • To underscore the importance of RNA G-quadruplexes in cellular processes like mRNA processing and translation.

Main Methods:

  • Focuses on novel computational techniques for identifying RNA G-quadruplexes.
  • Discusses innovative biochemical approaches for RNA G-quadruplex localization.
  • Synthesizes recent research findings on G-quadruplex functions.

Main Results:

  • Emerging methods offer promising avenues for locating RNA G-quadruplexes in mRNA.
  • RNA G-quadruplexes play diverse roles in cellular functions.
  • These structures are implicated in the regulation of mRNA processing and translation.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate localization of RNA G-quadruplexes is crucial for understanding their biological roles.
  • Advancements in detection methods will facilitate further research into G-quadruplexes.
  • RNA G-quadruplexes represent a significant regulatory element in gene expression.